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  Multi Lingual Internet Mail Magazine

 

  JP-Swiss-journal - Vol. 218 – November 20, 2023 (Swiss Time)

 

  http://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/

 


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  【 目次 / INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

 

 
J】市民の視点から見たスイスの連邦議員選挙結果と「歳費」他

 

                    明子 ヒューリマン

 

ESwiss Federal Election Results and "Compensation for

          Parliamentarians" etc. from a Citizen's Perspective.

 

                                                    Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~【 日本語 】~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 

 

     市民の視点から見たスイスの連邦議員選挙結果と「歳費」他

 

                    明子 ヒューリマン

 

 

4年に1度行われるスイスの連邦議員選挙が、1022日(日曜日)に開票された。

連邦統計局の数字を見ると、2022年度の人口881.5万人に対して有権者

Stimmberechtigte)は5,539,952人。

スイスは日本に次ぐ長寿国なので、人口に対して有権者の数が多い。

 

https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/effectif-change.html

 

スイスは連邦制で、地方自治が大きく保障されている。

それにも関わらず、各報道機関の選挙結果は、政党中心の報道姿勢なので、先ずはそれに沿って見てみよう。

 

【国民議会Nationalrat: Grosse-Kammer

 

連邦政府のウェブサイトには、「国民議会は、スイス国民を代表する200名の議員で構成されている。議席は、26のカントンの人口(総人口=総居住者数)に応じて割り当てられ、各カントンには少なくとも1つ議席がある。選挙の翌年に行われる住民登録調査が議席割り当ての基礎になる。」と記されている。

 

https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch-detail?WordId=152

 

開票結果は週明けの23日には判明した。

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/wahlen-2023-resultate

 

統計によると、新しく選出された国民議会は、平均的な人口よりも男性、都市部、高齢者が多く、国民の実勢を反映しているのか?とスイス公共放送SRFは疑問を呈した。

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-der-neue-nationalrat-ein-spiegel-der-schweizer-bevoelkerung

 

主要政党の議席獲得状況は、

 

1位:保守の「スイス国民党SVP」が62議席(27.9%)9議席増

2位:左派の「社会民主党SP」が41議席(18.3%)2議席増

3位:中道保守の「中央党Mitte」が29議席(14.1%)1議席増

4位:財界が支持基盤の「自由民主党FDP」が28議席(14.3%)1議席減

5位:「緑の党」が23議席(9.8%)5議席減

6位:やや保守の「グリーンリヴェラルGLP」が10議席(7.6%)6議席減

 

この結果を、スイス国営放送SRFは、「スイスは右傾化しているが、国民議会では右派政党が絶対多数を占めるには至っていない。」と論評した。

 

SVPの躍進に加えて、左派系の「緑の党」と「GLP」の支持率低下を以て、「全体的に右傾化」の根拠にしたようだ。

 

環境問題の対応が世界中で叫ばれる中、環境運動家の過激な行動が顰蹙を買い、地方の「緑の党」が肉食禁止を検討していた。更に、ウクライナ戦争とパレスティナ紛争の勃発で、世界の関心は環境問題から、喫緊の課題に移ってしまった。こうした事情が環境政党への逆風になったようだ。

 

3位の「中央党(Mitte)」が1議席増を果たし乍ら、支持率が4位の「FDP」に若干超されたこの微妙な差は、人口の多い都市部の支持者による貢献と考えられる。

 

【全州議会Staenderat: Kleine-Kammer

 

連邦政府のウェブサイトには、「全州議会には、州を代表する46名の代議員がいる。オブヴァルデン州、ニドヴァルデン州、バーゼル・シュタット州、バーゼル・ラントシャフト州、アッペンツェル・アウサーローデン州、アッペンツェル・インナーローデン州を除く各州は、それぞれ2名の代表がいる。人口100万人以上のチューリヒ州は2名の州代表を選出し、人口35,000人のウーリ州も2名の州代表を選出する。」と記されている。

https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/council-of-states

 

開票結果は大半が投票日の週明けに判明したものの、19議席が決選投票に持ち込まれることになった。1112日には13議席が確定し、残る6議席は1119日に決選投票が行われた。

 

各政党の議席獲得状況は、

1位:中道保守の「中央党Mitte」が1議席増で15議席

2位:財界が支持基盤の「自由民主党FDP」が1議席減で11議席

3位:左派の「社会民主党SP」が2議席増で9議席

4位:保守の「スイス国民党SVP」が2議席減で6議席

5位:緑の党が2議席減で3議席

6位:やや保守の「グリーンリヴェラルGLP」が1議席

7位:保守系MCG(ジュネーヴ市民運動)が初の1議席獲得

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/staenderatswahlen-2023-mitte-baut-ihre-vormachtstellung-in-der-kleinen-kammer-aus

 

「国民議会」とは異なり、「全州議会」では、主要政党の獲得議席数がガラリと変わり、伝統的に中道政党が多数の議席を占有してきたが、この傾向は、今回の選挙でも変化は起こらなかった。州の利益代表とも言える全州議会ならではの伝統故のようだ。

 

しかし、左派勢力が強いと言われる西部スイス(仏語圏)で、地殻変動が起きた。前カントン・ジュネーヴ政府のマウロ・ポッジアが「緑の党」から議席を奪ったのだ。ポッジアは保守政党「ジュネーヴ市民運動=Mouvement citoyens genevois (MCG)」党員なので、ここでも保守化の兆候が示された。

 

とは言え、ポッジアは「旧CVP」から「MCG」に移籍した経緯があるので、全州議会のMitte会派には受容れてもらえず、SVP会派に加わる意志も無く、このままでは充分な議会活動が出来なくなるので、去就が問われている。

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-genf/kanton-genf-staenderat-mcg-politiker-mauro-poggia-erobert-sitz-der-gruenen

 

残りの6議席は、アールガウ、シャフハウゼン、ソロトゥーン、ツューリッヒで各1議席、ティチーノで2議席の決戦投票で決せられた。

これが連邦議会に大きな変化をもたらすかどうかは未だ分からない。

 

いずれにせよ、個人的には、堅実な保守勢力が国民の支持を増やしたことに一先ず安堵している。革新勢力はともすると、富の分配に政策の軸足を置き過ぎて、原資への関心が薄い点が危うさを感じさせる。

急進やラジカルな行動は、物事の判断が短絡的になり勝ちに見える。

詰まるところ、保守か革新かが重要なのではなく、「過去の経験と新しい知見に学びながら、実利的に慎重に事を進めるか否か」が政策を支持する判断基準になる。

 

ところで、2023109日付スーパーマーケット大手「ミグロ」の週刊誌が、「連邦ベルン21の実情」という選挙特集で興味深い記事が目を惹いたので、幾つかご紹介する。

 

一つ目は、何故二院制なのか?

「『国民議会』は有権者の代表で、『全州議会』はカントンの代表。

両院は同等の資格を有し、各議案は両院で扱われる。法律や改正案は両院で決議されて、発効する。」

スイスの政治は、中央集権では無く、地方自治が主体の連邦制なので、こうした議会制度を採用したようだ。

 

二つ目は、「国民議会議員(Nationalrat)」の職業。

 

スイスの政治制度は、「Milizsystem」と称され、公務は通常副業で、政治家の多くは本業を兼務している。

 

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milizsystem_(Schweiz)

 

本業の最多は矢張り職業政治家で49人、企業家30人、法律家26人、コンサルタント26人、教師と講師26人、農家12人、医師5人、その他38人。

 

まずまずバランスが取れた職業分布と言えそうだが、職人や研究者の存在が希薄に見える。

 

三つ目は、「国民議会議員(Nationalrat)」の年間歳費。

 

給与                 CHF  26,000

議会出席報酬         CHF  47,845

老齢年金             CHF  13,652

私設秘書             CHF  33,000

無料定期券           CHF   6,300

食費上限             CHF  11,740

宿泊費上限           CHF  10,625

子供手当//1人月額   CHF     384.70

合計            CHF 149,162

 

因みに、「日本の国会議員は年額約2200万円(手当てを含めた総額は約4200万円)と世界最高水準」とウィキペディアには記されている。

 

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B3%E8%B2%BB

 

ウィキペディアの「購買力平価説」には、20229月時点で日本を100として換算した相対的購買力平価が、スイスは173と記されている。急激な円安が続いている現在、1スイスフランが既に169円という水準になっているので、購買力平価の差も比例して拡大傾向にあると考えられる。

 

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BE%A1%E8%AA%AC

 

と言うことは、スイスの実質年間歳費は世界1と言うことになるが、比較の対象にする物価次第だろう。生活で「住」を最優先するスイスと、「食」を優先する傾向の日本とでは、単純比較は無意味だ。いずれにせよ、スイスの兼業政治家は潤沢な歳費を受け取っている。

 

四つ目は、投票率。前回2019年の選挙では、有権者数5,459,218人の内、投票したのは45.1%。国政選挙でこの数字は、多いとは言い難い。

 

五つ目は、無効投票。前回2019年の「国民議会選挙」では、29,015票が無効になった。およそ0.53%で、少ないとは言えない。郵便投票の際に、郵便投票で署名を忘れたり、投票用紙に名誉を毀損する書き込みがある場合が多いそうだ。

 

おまけは、どの政党が最も議会を欠席したか?

2022年、欠席率が最も高かったのはGLPで平均5.2%、「中央党Mitte」は4.8%、緑の党は2%で、議会での投票を逃したことになる。

今年の選挙でGLPが支持を減らした事と関係がありそうな結果だ。

過去4年間、政党がどれ程市民と対話し、議会活動をしたかの総決算が、選挙の結果に表れると言われている。

 

ところで、ターゲス・アンツァイガー紙の風刺画に応募した読者コメントの1位が、「ドミニオンの投票機でないことを祈る!」「いいえ、スイスの手造りです」が選ばれた!スイス市民、結構事情通ではないか?

 

https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schaadzeile-widmerzeile-804550139866

 

選挙ではとかく物議を醸す「ドミニオン社」をウィキペディアで見ると、日本の同業者「(株)ムサシ」の記載もあった。

 

締め括りに、スイスでは、議会議員選挙に「供託金」の制度は無い。

富が無ければ立候補できない制度は、民主主義の基本を毀損する制度と言えよう。日本には供託金制度で早急な改善が必要だ。

 

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E8%A8%97%E9%87%91

 

 

スイス連邦議会の政党名 / Political parties represented in Parliament:

https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/groups/parties-in-parliament

 

 

【 編集後記 】

 

1119日(日曜日)には、残る6名の全州議会議員選挙の結果が発表された。この結果の考察は、次の号でお伝えしたい。(A.H.

 

 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~【 English 】~~~~~~~~~~~~

 

 

       Swiss Federal Election Results and "Compensation for

          Parliamentarians" etc. from a Citizen's Perspective.

 

                                         Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

Votes were counted in Switzerland's National Elections, which are held once every four Years, on Sunday, October 22nd 2023. According to Figures from the Federal Statistical Office, there were 5,539,952 Voters (Stimmberechtigte) out of a Population of 8,815,000 in 2022.

Switzerland is the Country with the second longest Life Expectancy after Japan, so it has a large Number of Voters relative to its Population.

 

https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/effectif-change.html

 

Switzerland has a Federal System, which guarantees a large Degree of local Autonomy. Nevertheless, the Election Results by each News Organization were reported in a party-centered Manner, so let's first look at them in that way.

 

[National Council (Nationalrat: Large Chamber of Parliament)]

 

The Federal Government's Website states: "The National Council (Nationalrat) is composed of 200 Members representing the Swiss People.

Seats are allocated according to the Population of the 26 Cantons (total Population = total Number of Residents), each Canton has at least one Seat. The civil Registration Survey held in the Year following the Election forms the Basis for the Allocation of Seats."

 

https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch-detail?WordId=152

 

The Results of the Vote were known by the Beginning of the coming Week.

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/wahlen-2023-resultate

 

Statistics show that the newly elected National Council is more male, urban, and elderly than the average Population, so does it reflect the Realities of the Population? Swiss Public Broadcast Service SRF questioned.

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-der-neue-nationalrat-ein-spiegel-der-schweizer-bevoelkerung

 

The Status of Seats won by major Political Parties is as follows:

 

1st place: Conservative "Swiss People's Party SVP" gained 62 Seats (27.9%), an Increase of 9 Seats.

2nd place: Left-wing "Social Democratic Party SP" gained 41 Seats (18.3%), an Increase of 2 Seats.

3rd place: Centrist Party "Mitte"gained 29 Seats (14.1%), an Increase of 1 Seat.

4th place: "The Liberal Democratic Party FDP", whose Support Base is the Business Community, gained 28 Seats (14.3%), a Decrease of 1 Seat.

5th place: "Green Party" 23 Seats (9.8%), a Decrease of 5 Seats.

6th place: Slightly Conservative/Left : "Green Liberals (GLP)" gained 10 Seats (7.6%), a Decrease of 6 Seats.

 

Swiss National Broadcaster SRF commented on the Results, saying, "Switzerland is moving to the right, but right-wing Parties have yet to command an absolute Majority in the National Council."

 

In addition to the SVP's rapid Rise, Decline in Support for the left-leaning "Green Party" and "GLP" seems to have been used as the Basis for the "overall Shift to the right".

 

Amid Calls for Action to address environmental Issues around the World, the radical Actions of some Environmentalists Groups have caused Outrage, and a local Section of "Green Party" was considering banning Meat Eating. Furthermore, with the Outbreak of the Ukraine War and the Palestinian Conflict, World's Attention has shifted from environmental Issues to more pressing Issues. These Circumstances appear to have turned into a Headwind for environmental Parties.

 

While the third-placed "Centrist Party (Mitte)", gained one Seat, however, its Support (Voter Share) was slightly exceeded by the fourth- placed Party, the FDP.

This slight Difference is thought to be due to the Contribution of Supporters in populous Urban Areas.

 

[The Council of States (Staenderat: Small Chamber of Parliament)]

 

The Federal Government's Website states: "The Council of States (Staenderat) has 46 Members who represent the Cantons.

The Cantons each send two Representatives, with the Exception of Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden and Appenzell-Innerrhoden, which each send One.

The Canton of Zurich, which has a Population of over one Million People,

elects two Representatives as does the Canton of Uri, which has a Population of around 35,000."

 

https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/council-of-states

 

Although most of the Results were known early in the coming Week, 19 Seats went to run-off Elections. Thirteen Seats were decided on November 12th, and a run-off Election was held for the remaining six Seats on November 19th.

 

The Status of Seats won by Political Parties is as follows:

 

1st place: Centrist Party "Mitte" won 1 Seat to 15 Seats.

2nd place: "The Liberal Democratic Party FDP", whose Support Base is the Business Community, lost 1 Seat to 11 Seats.

3rd place: Left-wing "Social Democratic Party SP" won 2 Seats to 9 Seats.

4th place: Conservative "Swiss People's Party SVP" lost 2 Seats to 6 Seats.

5th place: "Green Party" lost 2 Seats to 3 Seats.

6th place: Slightly Conservative/Left : "Green Liberals (GLP)" won 1 Seat.

7th place: Conservative "MCG (Geneva Citizens’ Movement)" won 1 Seat for the first Time.

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/staenderatswahlen-2023-mitte-baut-ihre-vormachtstellung-in-der-kleinen-kammer-aus

 

In the "National Council" and "Council of States", the Number of Seats won by the major Political Parties has changed dramatically, with the Centrist Party now occupying the Majority of Seats in the "Council of States" (Staenderat) This Trend did not change in this Election.

This seems to be due to the unique Tradition of the "Council of States", which can be said to represent the Interests of each Canton.

 

However, a seismic Shift occurred in Western Switzerland (French-speaking Region), where leftist Forces are said to be strong. Mr. Mauro Poggia, ex-Member of Geneva Cantonal Government took the Seat from the Green Party. Mauro Poggia is a Member of the Conservative Party "Mouvement Citoyens Genevois (MCG)", so here too there were Signs of Conservatism.

 

Nevertheless, Poggia's Attitude is being questioned because he has moved from the "former CVP" to the "MCG". He will not be accepted by the "Mitte"-Faction of the "Council of States", but has no Intention of joining the SVP-Faction, and alone, he will not be able to fully engage in Parliamentary Activities if he remains in this Position.

 

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-genf/kanton-genf-staenderat-mcg-politiker-mauro-poggia-erobert-sitz-der-gruenen

 

Remaining six Seats were decided in a run-off Election with one Seat each in the Cantons of Aargau, Schaffhausen, Solothurn and Zurich, and two in Ticino. It remains to be seen whether this will lead to major Changes in the Federal Parliament.

 

In any case, personally, I am relieved for the time being that solid Conservative Forces have increased the Support of the People.

There is a Sense of Danger in the Fact that the Progressive Forces tend to focus their Policies too much on the Distribution of Wealth and pay little Attention to the Source of Funds.

Radical or radical Actions tend to lead to short-sighted Decisions and appear to be winning.

In the end, it is not whether one is Conservative or Radical that is important, but whether one is Pragmatic and Prudent in proceeding with Things while learning from Past Experience and new Knowledge that is the Criterion for supporting the Policy.

 

By the way, the October 9, 2023 Weekly Magazine of the major Supermarket "Migros" caught my Attention with an interesting Article in its Election Feature that is "21 Facts about the Federal Berne", and I would like to introduce you a Couple of them.

 

https://issuu.com/m-magazin/docs/migros-magazin-41-2023-d-aa

(from 58 page till 63 page)

 

First, why a Bicameral System?

"The "National Council" represents the Electorate, while the "Council of States" represents the Cantons.

Both Chambers are equally qualified, and each Proposal is dealt with by both Chambers.

The Laws and Amendments are passed by both Chambers and come into force."

This Parliamentary System seems to have been adopted because Swiss Politics is mainly based on local Autonomy (Federalism) rather than Centralization.

 

Second is the Occupation (Job) of the "Members of the National Council (Nationalrat)".

 

Swiss Political System is known as the "Militia System," in which official Duty is usually a Sideline, and many Politicians have a main Job.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_System

 

The largest Number by Occupation are Professional Politicians (49), Entrepreneurs (30), Lawyers (26), Consultants (26), Teachers and Lecturers (26), Farmers (12), Doctors (5), and Others (38).

 

This seems to be a fairly balanced Distribution of Occupations, but Craftsmen and Researchers appear to be scarce.

 

Third is the Annual Salary (Compensation) for a "Member of the National Council (Nationalrat)".

 

Salary CHF 26,000

Parliamentary Attendance Fee CHF 47,845

Old-Age Pension CHF 13,652

Private (Personal) Secretary CHF 33,000

Free General Season (Transport) Ticket CHF 6,300

Maximum Food (Meal) Compensation CHF 11,740

Maximum Compensation for Overnight Stays CHF 10,625

Child Allowances per Child and per Month up to CHF 384.70

Total CHF 149,162

 

By the way, Wikipedia states that "Japanese Diet Members are paid about 22 Million Yen per Year (Total Amount including Allowances is about 42 Million Yen), the Highest in the World.

 

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B3%E8%B2%BB

 

Wikipedia's "Purchasing Power Parity" states that Switzerland has a relative Purchasing Power Parity of 147 whereas Japan 107, converted from United States's 100 as of March 2, 2021.

Since the Yen has been rapidly Depreciating and 1 Swiss Franc (CHF) is already at a Level of 169 Yen, the Difference in Purchasing Power Parity is likely to be widening proportionally.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity

 

That would mean that Switzerland's real annual Spending is the highest in the World, but it would depend on the Prices of Goods and Services used for Comparison.

It is meaningless to make a simple Comparison between Switzerland, where Housing is the top Priority in Life, and Japan, where Food is a Priority. Anyway, Politicians in Switzerland recieve plenty of Salaries.

 

Fourth, is the Voter Turnout. In the last Election in 2019, 45.1% of the 5,459,218 eligible Voters cast their Ballots. This Number is hardly a large Number for a National Election.

 

Fifth, Invalid Votes. In the last National Parliament Election in 2019, 29,015 Votes were invalidated. Roughly 0.53%, not a small Number. They often forget to sign the Ballot Paper (Voting by Post) or defamatory Statements were written on the Ballot Paper.

 

As an added Bonus, which Political Party was most absent from Parliament?

In 2022, the GLP (Green Liberals) had the highest Absenteeism Rate, averaging 5.2%, the "Centrist Party Mitte" 4.8%, and the Green Party missed 2% of the Voting by Parliamentarians.

By the way, the "Number One Reader-Comment" on the Caricature in the Tages-Anzeiger Newspaper was that "I hope it's not a Dominion Voting Machine! No, it's Swiss Made," was chosen! Swiss Citizens, aren't they pretty well-informed? (For Cartoon Scroll down)

 

https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schaadzeile-widmerzeile-804550139866

 

When I looked at Wikipedia for "Dominion Inc.", a Company that is often controversially mentioned in Elections, I also found a Mention of a Japanese Competitor, Musashi Co.

 

Finally, in Switzerland, there is no "Deposit" System for Parliamentary

Elections.

A System, in which one cannot run for Office without Wealth, is a System that undermines the Fundamentals of Democracy.

Japan needs to improve the Deposit System as soon as possible.

 

スイス連邦議会の政党名 / Political Parties represented in Swiss

Parliament:

https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/groups/parties-in-parliament

 

 

Editor's Postscript

 

On Sunday, November 19, 2023, the Results of the Election of all six Remaining Parliament Members for the "Council of States" were announced. We will analyze the Results in the next Issue. (A.H.)

 

 

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