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日本語 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
2020年11月29日国民投票の結果とスイス政界の変化
1）国民発議「企業責任イニシアティブ」
2）国民発議「軍需物資製造業者に資金調達禁止」
明子 ヒューリマン
国民投票の結果は、2020年11月29日午後2時前には決着が付いた。国民発議
は、全投票数の50％以上が賛成し、尚且つ賛成過半数が23カントンの過半数
を得るという要件で承認されることによる。人口の多い大カントンの専制を
排して、小カントンの一定の重要性に配慮する制度でもある。15時45分には
正式な投票結果が判明した。*1) 投票率は46％で高めと報じられた。
1）国民発議「企業責任イニシアティブ」：
投票総数が賛成50.7％、反対49.3％。一方、賛成過半数のカントン数が8.5、
反対過半数のカントン数が14.5。
「国民は賛成したものの、否決され、経済界は胸をなで下ろした」と報じら
れた。大都市圏の心情左派層が賛成多数に導いたものの、中小都市と郡部の
反対多数が結果を左右した、と解説された。イニシアティブの提案に、プロ
テスタントの牧師がミサで賛成を呼びかけたことから、教会が政治に関与す
る事への是非にも関心が集まった。
賛成多数の趨勢が、土壇場で覆された。反対派のプラカード「AHV、KMU
NEIN（老齢年金、中小企業は反対）」にてきめんの効果があったようだ。コ
ロナ渦で大多数の企業が苦しむ中、今企業責任を問うのは、企業を更に苦境
に追いやることになる。そもそも、スイスの企業の殆どは、企業倫理に沿っ
た経営をしていると、反対派はアピールしている。反対派のプラカードには、
犬が自分の尻尾に噛みつく図が描かれている。イニシアティブの提案に賛成
することは、有権者が自らの職を失うことになりかねない現実を突きつけた。
日々のニュースで、企業の人員募集のニュースは例外で、人員削減の報道が
当たり前なのがコロナ渦の現状だ。
とかく左派勢力は、企業に過剰な倫理的厳格さを求める一方で、コロナ渦で
は、個人や企業に政府支援を要求するのだが、税源は企業活動が源泉である
事を無視する傾向があるのが問題だ。企業責任を問う法律は、ドイツやフラ
ンスでも既に導入されているものの、拘束力は緩やかで、殆どアリバイ法規
と言われる所以だ。いずれにせよ、近い将来EUで企業責任を問う法律が審議
されることになっているので、スイスが単独で急ぐ事では無い。こうした客
観情勢を見る限り、ユニセフやヒューマンライツ・ウォッチ等の名高い組織
が、賛成キャンペーンに名を連ねているが、内政干渉に近い行為のように思
える。
槍玉に挙げられた、グレンコア社は、一度たりともイニシアティブ委員会に
説明を求められたことが無かった、というのもいかがわしいさを感じさせら
れる。 *2) そもそも、グレンコア社がチリの鉱山に参入したのは2017年で、
鉱毒被害はそれ以前に起きていた、という事実関係が無視されている。グレ
ンコア社が、遅ればせながらTA紙に全面広告で同社の姿勢を表明したのは、
投票日直前の週だった。
NGOは様々な手法で、巨額の寄付金を集め、潤沢な資金力を背景に、世界中
で大規模な活動を行っている。特に南米のアマゾンでの暗躍等はしばしば報
じられている事ではある。シェー・シェパードの危険な妨害活動も記憶にあ
るが、こうした組織は自己存続が目的化していると見える。NGOが価値ある
活動をしているのか、慎重に見極める必要を感じている。
2）国民発議「軍需物資製造業者に資金調達禁止」
投票総数が賛成42．5％、反対57．5％。一方、13時42分には、賛成過半数の
カントン数が3.5、反対過半数のカントン数が19.5と、文句無しに否決され
た。
政界の主な動き：
各政党の推奨投票（Das sind die Empfehlungen
der Parteien） *3) を見
る限り、SVP、FDP、CVPが保守層と見做すことが出来るようだ。但し、CVPは
党名を「Die Mitte」と改名、つまり伝統ある「カソリック」の看板を外し
てBDPとの合流を正式に決定した。*4) 右へ傾いたり左へ傾いたりと政策で
足下の定まらない政党がインパクトに欠ける党名「Die Mitte」で再出発す
ることになった、とい
うのが大方の見方のようだ。
それに引き換え、社会主義政党や緑の党等左派勢力は意気軒昂だ。しばらく
前まで、保守のSVPの党勢が強すぎて、リベラル勢力が存在感に危機感を感
じていた時期があった。その危機感からか、近年左派・リヴェラルが、組織
力を強化してきたと言われている。こうした左派の台頭は、スイスの将来に
一抹の不安を添える要素に思える。民主制度が機能している国と自他共に認
めるスイスではあるが、左派・リヴェラルの利権の温床は、「社会保障」、
「教育」、「環境」、「ジャーナリズム」の分野と言われている。主に都市
部の高学歴の高給取りが
この分野を支えている。従って、低賃金の労働者
階級が支持基盤であることが多い諸外国の左派・リヴェラルの境遇とは異な
る点には注意が必要だ。
スイスの保守は、農業と実業界が基盤なので、地方が主な支持基盤となる。
金融・財界は中道保守の牙城で、支持基盤は保守と一部重なる。しかし、個
人的には穏健保守が適当と思うものの、スイスの政党には現状そうした党の
存在は確認
出来ない。
2020年12月9日、新興政治団体「オペラツィオン・リベロ」*5) の共同代表
が記者会見を開き、資金難を訴えた。今後50万スイスフラン(約5千万円）以
上の資金が調達できなければ、組織を存続させられないというのだ。国民投
票の数々のキャンペーンを成功させ、スイスの最大政党SVP以上の成果を挙
げたと言われるグループは、その成果の大きさ故に頓挫したと評された。
GsoAの様な明確な組織の目標を持たず、ある時は左派の、ある時は中道保守
の政治キャンペーンを行ってきた姿勢も指摘された。コロナ渦で、基本原理
を持たない自己顕示で先走
る活動に黄色信号が灯った。
2021年の連邦大統領が両院議員総会で選出された。持ち回りの役職なので選
挙と言っても承認するか否かの選挙ではある。メディアは、SVPのギー・パ
ルメラン新連邦大統領を称してカリスマ性に乏しいと評した。*6) 2015年12
月9日の連邦評議員選挙の際、SVPが擁立した3人の候補者の1人だったが、最
有力候補はトー
マス・エッシ *7)、2番手が当時のティチーノ州大統領で
Lega のノルマン・ゴッビ*8) だった。若くて頭脳明晰なエッシやゴッビを
当選させてはならじ
と、議会会派の左派と中道保守が結託して、政治経験
はあるものの、ヴォー州ワイン農家の出身でドイツ語がややたどたどしい気
のいいおじさん風のパルメランに、投票を集中させ選出させた。
外交を担う連邦政府執行役の選出で、左派が国益を無視して党利党略を駆使
した結果に、スイス政府の弱体化が危惧される。これを画策した当時のSP代
表クリスティアン・ルブラは中央政界を去った。*9) 後継には若手が引き継
ぎ、左派の画策はやや収まるかに見える。
二大政党制が機能しない事に、世界はそろそろ気付いてよい頃ではないかと
思う。権力の極端な集中は、独裁に至るのが通例だ。一方、政権が多数の党
で構成される場合は、時にカオスに陥る。ドイツは今そういう時期にあるよ
うだ。スイス政府の場合は、マジック・フォーミュラ *10) とコンコーダン
ス・システ
ム *11) の基本概念が長年定着しており、かなり厳格に守られ
ている。例え閣僚の一角を占めたからと言って、政党のエゴを剥き出しにす
るのは御法度が周知さ
れている。連邦評議員(閣僚)の交代があれば、担当
する省庁も話し合いで交代するのが慣例なので、同じ省庁を担当するのは通
常数年程度だ。スイスのこの制度は、今のところまずまず機能していると考
えられる。国民の多様な要求は、少数派の意見も無視されずに取り上げられ
る事で最低限満たされ、結果、困窮で死に至る国民が出る程の極端な格差が
回避出来る。とは言え、スイス国民が長年かけて築いて来た制度なので、ど
この国でも機能するという保障は無い。だが、試みる価値はある。
「独裁か」、「カオスか」で選択を迫られたらどちらを選らぶか？それは、
「独裁の中国」か、「カオスの米国」か、と例えられるかもしれない。注意
しなければならないのは、独裁の解消には荒療治が必要となる場合が多いが
カオスは民意で微調整をしながら解消出来る道が残されている。昨今、地方
政府・官財で様々なスキャンダルが表沙汰になって懸念はあるものの、それ
でもスイスの治世が諸外国に比べて良いと評されるのは、微調整が出来る体
制にあると考えられる。
【 参照 】
★ スイス連邦議会の政党名 / Political parties represented in
Parliament
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/groups/parties-in-parliament
*1) 投票結果と反応「経済界は安堵 / Erleichterung bei
der Wirtschaft」
https://www.srf.ch/news/abstimmung-29-november-2020/resultate-news-und-reaktionen-konzernverantwortung-volk-sagt-ja-initiative-scheitert-dennoch
*2) グレンコア / Grencore: https://www.glencore.com/
*3) 各政党の推奨投票：
https://www.srf.ch/static/cms/images/960w/24ddf7.jpg
*4) スイスキリスト教民主党(CVP) / Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlichdemokratische_Volkspartei
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland
*5) オペラツィオン・リベロ / Operation Libero：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Libero
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Libero
乞参照 jp-Swiss-journal Vol. 189「Operation Libero」:
http://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/jp-Swiss-journal/jsj-vol189.htm
*6) ギー・パルメラン / Guy Parmelin：
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3
*7) トーマス・エッシ / Thomas Aeschi：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aeschi
*8) ノーマン・ゴッビ / Norman Gobbi Vais:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gobbi
*9) クリスティアン・レブラ / Christian Levrat:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Levrat
*10)
https://www.svp.ch/partei/personen/detail/marco-chiesa/
マジック・フォーミュラー / Magic Formula:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_formula
*11) コンコーダンス・システム / Concordance system：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordanzdemokratie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance_system
【 編集後記
】
今年は、コロナ渦第三波で終わりを迎えそうで、世界は正に世紀末の様相を
呈している。国を問わず、一般市民に対する情報提供に恣意的な偏りがある
ように思えてならない。このことは、米国大統領選挙でも見せつけられた。
民主主義とは、各個人が自分の意思を確認することから始まると改めて思っ
た。来年は「こう願う」ではなく、「こうしよう」と考える年にしたい。
本年もお付き合い頂き有り難うございました。
良い年をお迎え下さい。(A.H.)
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The Results of the Popular Vote on
November 29, 2020 and
Changes in Politics
1) Popular Initiative ‘For responsible
Businesses-
protecting human Rights and the
Environment’
2) Popular Initiative ‘For a Ban on
financing War
Material Manufacturers’
Akiko Huerlimann
The result of the
Popular Vote was settled before 2:00 pm on
November 29, 2020.
A Popular Initiative requests a Majority of Votes
(more than 50%)
and a Majority of the Number of Cantons (States) for
Approval. Such a
System wants to eliminate the Tyranny of large
Cantons with a big
Population and give small Cantons (States) a
certain Importance
and Attention. At 3:45 pm, the official Voting
results were
revealed. *1) It was reported that the Turnout of
Voters was as high
as 46%.
1) Popular
Initiative "Corporate Responsibility Initiative":
The total Number
of Votes was 50.7% in favor (Yes) and 49.3% against
(No). On the other
hand, the Number of Cantons (States) showed an
Approval by only
8.5 Cantons; the Number of Cantons (States)
refusing it gained
a Majority of 14.5 Cantons. Hence, the Initiative
was rejected based
on the Refusal by a Majority of the Cantons
(States).
It was reported
that "Although the Voters agreed to it, the
Initiative was
rejected and the Business Community was greatly
relieved". It
was explained that the Sentiment of the Metropolitan
area led to the
narrow Majority of Votes (Yes), but the Opposition
by small Towns and
Counties influenced the Result. Protestant
Pastors called for
Approval of the Initiative's Proposals at the
Church Service,
which drew Attention to the Pros and Cons of the
Church's
Involvement in Politics.
Many positive
Trends overturned the Outcome at the last Minute. It
seems that the
Opposition Placard "AHV, KMU NEIN (Old Age and
Survivors'
Insurance, SMEs NO)" seemed to work Wonders. With the
Majority of
Companies suffering from the Corona Vortex, taking now
Corporate
Responsibility, puts them in even more Trouble. Opponents
have appealed that
most Swiss Companies operate in line with
Business Ethics in
the first Place. Opposition Placards showed a
Dog biting its own
Tail. The No-Side pointed to the Reality that
Citizens could
lose their Jobs when approving the Initiative. With
the Exception of
News about Recruitment by Companies in the daily
News, the current
Situation in the Corona Vortex is that the News
of personnel
Reduction is commonplace.
Leftists demand
excessive Ethical Rigor for Businesses, on the other
hand, in the
Corona crisis, they demand Government support to
Individuals and Businesses,
but Tax Sources cannot be ignored, they
are based on
Business Activities. Laws about Corporate
Responsibility
have already been introduced in Germany and France,
but Regulations
are said to be extremely weak, which is why they are
called Alibi-Laws.
In any Case, Switzerland need not to be in a
Hurry alone, as
Legislation on Corporate Responsibility will be
deliberated in the
EU in the near Future. Looking at this objective
Situation,
prominent Organizations such as UNICEF and the Human
Rights Watch are
listed in the Support Campaign, but it looks like
an Act close to
Interference into internal Affairs.
Glencore, which came under
Fire, has never been asked to explain its
Position to the
Matter by the Initiative Committee, which is rather
questionable. *2)
In the first place, Glencore took a stake in a
Peruvian mine in
2017; ignoring the Fact that Mine Poisoning had
occurred before
that. A Week before the Voting Day Glencore
finally
announced its
Stance in a full-page Advertisement on the
Tagesanzeiger newspaper though
belated.
NGOs collect huge
Donations by various Methods and carry out large-
scale Activities
all over the World with abundant financial Power.
In particular, it
is often reported about their Activities behind
the Scene in the
Amazon in South America. I remember the dangerous
Sabotage of Sea
Shepherd; the Aim of these Organizations is the
Survival of their
own. It is necessary to carefully determine
whether NGOs are
engaged in valuable Activities.
2) Popular
Initiative "For a Ban on financing War Material
Manufacturers"
The total Number
of Votes was 42.5% in favor (Yes) and 57.5% against
(No). On the other
hand, the Result was informed already at 1:42 pm,
there were only
3.5 Cantons (States) in favor of the Initiative, but
19.5 Cantons
(States), a Majority were against it. The Initiative
was rejected
without Complaint.
Major Movement of
Politics:
Here, we can see
the recommended Votes of each political Party
(Recommended
voting by each political party) *3), it seems that
SVP, FDP, and CVP
can be regarded as Conservatives. However, the CVP
is going to change
the Party name into "Die Mitte" (The
Center),
removing its
traditional C-Sign "Catholic", and officially decided
to merge with the
BDP-Party. *4) The general View seems that the
political Party is
not determined by the Name or Policy, such as
leaning to the
right or to the left; the Party decided to Restart
under the new
Party name "Die Mitte", which lacks
Impact.
In Exchange, the
left-wing Forces such as the Socialist Party and
the Greens were
enthusiastic. Until a while ago, the conservative
SVP party was too
strong and the Liberals felt a Sense of Crisis in
their Presence. It
is said that probably because of the Sense of
Crisis, the Leftist
and the Liberals have strengthened their
organizational
Power in recent Years. Such a Rise of the Leftists
can be a Touch of
Uncertainty for the Future of Switzerland.
Switzerland is
generally acknowledged as a Country where the
democratic System
is functioning, but the Breeding-Ground for the
Dispensation of
Favors of leftist and liberal Interests are said to
be in the Fields
of "Environment", "Education" and "Social
Security"
as well as
"Journalism". Highly educated and highly paid People
(Elite), mainly in
urban Areas, support these Fields. Therefore, it
should be noted
that this is different from the Situation of the
Leftists and
Liberals in other Countries, where the low-wage working
Class is often the
Support Base.
Swiss Conservative
are based on Agriculture and the Business World,
so that rural
Areas are the main Support Base. The financial and
business World is
a stronghold of the Center-Conservatives, and the
Support Base
partially overlaps with ordinary Conservatives.
However, although
I personally think that moderate Conservatism is
appropriate, the
Existence of such a Party cannot be confirmed in
the Swiss
political Parties at present.
On December 9,
2020, the Co-Representative of the emerging political
Organization
"Operation Libero" *5) held a press
Conference and
whined of bigger
financial Difficulties. She said that the
Organization
cannot survive in the future, unless it can obtain
500,000 Swiss
Francs (about 50 Million Yen) up to February 2021.
The Group is said
to have succeeded in numerous popular Vote
Campaigns and
achieved more than the SVP, Switzerland's largest
political Party.
It was described that the Group had failed
financially due to
the Magnitude of its Achievements. They
explained their
problem with a Lack of structural Funding, apart
from voting
Campaigns. It was also pointed out that they did not
have a clear
organizational Goal like "GSoA (Group for
a Switzerland
without
Army)", leading sometimes a leftist and sometimes a middle
conservative
political Campaign. In the Corona Vortex, a yellow
light was lit on
too obsessed Activities to show off themselves and
having no basic
Principle.
Swiss Federal
President of 2021 was elected at the Assembly of both
Houses of
Parliament. This Post is basically a rotating Position
among the Federal
Council Members (Swiss Government); therefore, the
Election is either
to approve or not. The Media described Mr. Guy
Parmelin of the SVP-Party
as uncharismatic in the Function of new
President. *6) At
the time of The Federal Councilor Election on
December 9, 2015,
he was one of the three Candidates suggested by
the SVP, but the
most promising Candidate was Mr. Thomas Aeschi
*7),
and the second one
was Mr. Norman Gobbi *8) of Lega
who was
President of the Canton
Ticino at that time. The leftist
parliamentary
Group and the middle Conservatives have collaborated
not to elect young
and brilliant Mr. Aeschi and Mr. Gobbi; then,
they concentrated
their Votes and elected Mr. Guy Parmelin. He
has
some political experience;
before his job was that of a Winegrower
in the Canton of
Vaud, his German language skill is a little bumble-
headed, and is
described as good Uncle-style.
I am concerned
that the Swiss Government will be weakened as a
Result of the
left-wing Parties ignoring national Interests and
making full Use of
party Interests in the Election of a Federal
Executive Officer
who is responsible for Diplomacy. Mr. Christian
Levrat, SP-President at
the time who planned this, has left the
central political
World. *9) Young SP-Members have taken over his
Post as
Successors, and it seems that the Maneuver of left-wing
will sink down a
little. The Leader of the SVP-Party has also been
replaced by the
Ticino Economist Marco Chiesa. *10)
I think it's time
for the World to realize that two-party Systems
aren't working.
Extreme Concentration of Power usually leads to
Dictatorship. On
the other hand, when the Administration is in a
Coalition,
sometimes the Administration falls into Chaos. Germany
seems to be in
such Circumstances now. In the case of the Swiss
Government, the
basic Concept of "The Magic Formula" *11) and "The
Concordance
System" *12) have been firmly established for many Years
and are fairly
strictly adhered to. It is well known that if a
political Party is
part of the Cabinet, then insisting the Party
doctrine is not
allowed. If there is a Change of Federal Councilors
(Ministers), it is
customary for the Ministry in charge to change
through
Discussions, so the Term of Office in the same Ministry is
normally only some
Years. This System in Switzerland seems to be
working reasonably
well for now. The diverse Demands of the People
are met at a
Minimum by taking up also the Opinions of the Minority
without ignoring
them, and as a Result, extreme Disparities that can
lead to Distress
and Death can be avoided. However, Swiss People
have built up this
System over the Decades, therefore, there is no
Guarantee that it
will work in any other Country. But it's worth
trying.
Which would you
choose if you were forced to make a Choice between
"Dictatorship"
or "Chaos", for instance a Model like "a Dictatorship
of China" or
"a Chaotic United States"? It should be noted that
Dictatorship often
requires rough Treatment, but Chaos has a Way to
be resolved while
making fine Adjustments on the part of the Public.
Although there are
Concerns that various Scandals have been revealed
in local
Governments, official Circles, and Business Communities in
recent Years, the
reason why the Reign of Switzerland is said to be
better than in other
Countries is due to the Swiss System, allowing
fine Adjustment.
[Reference]
★ Political parties
represented in Parliament:
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/groups/parties-in-parliament
*1) Erleichterung bei der
Wirtschaft:
https://www.srf.ch/news/abstimmung-29-november-2020/resultate-news-und-reaktionen-konzernverantwortung-volk-sagt-ja-initiative-scheitert-dennoch
*2) Glencore: https://www.glencore.com/
*3) Recommended voting
by each political party：
https://www.srf.ch/static/cms/images/960w/24ddf7.jpg
*4) CVP Christian
Democratic People's Party of Switzerland：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlichdemokratische_Volkspartei
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland
*5) Operation Libero：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Libero
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Libero
Refer to jp-Swiss-journal Vol. 189 「Operation Libero」:
http://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/jp-Swiss-journal/jsj-vol189.htm
*6) Guy Parmelin：
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3
*7) Thomas Aeschi： https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aeschi
*8) Norman Gobbi Vais: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gobbi
*9) Christian Levrat: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Levrat
*10) Marco Chiesa：
https://www.svp.ch/partei/personen/detail/marco-chiesa/
*11) Magic
Formula:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_formula
*12) Concordance
system：
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordanzdemokratie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance_system
[Editorial
Postscript]
This Year will
come to an End with the third Wave of the Corona
Vortex, and the
world looks like at the very End of the Century.
Regardless of the
Country, I cannot stop thinking that there is an
arbitrary Bias in
providing Information to the general Public. This
could also be seen
in the US-presidential Election. I thought again
that Democracy
begins with each Individual confirming his or her
Will. I want to
make next Year a Year "I will do this" instead of
"wishing
this".
Thank you for
staying with us this Year and
a Happy New Year.
(A.H.)
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