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  Multi Lingual Internet Mail Magazine

  jp-Swiss-journal  Vol. 171 – April 12, 2017 (Swiss Time)

   http://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/
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目次 / INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

 

 J

2017212日の国民投票の結果と女性参政権

 

                 明子 ヒューリマン

 

 

 

E

The results of the popular vote on February 12, 2017 and

Women's suffrage

 

                 Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

□━━━━━━━━━━━━━【 日本語 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━

 

 

     2017212日の国民投票の結果と女性参政権

 

                     明子 ヒューリマン

 

 

2017212日の国民投票の結果の概要は次の通り。*1)

 

1.「 移民第三世代の帰化簡素化連邦令」は賛成60.4%、反対39.6%で承認さ

れた。*2) 投票率は46.4%。犯罪歴がない事、生活保護を受給していない事

という条件が強調されていた。越境労働者が多く移民政策には厳しいティチ

ーノでさえ賛成50.2%で承認した事が話題になった。NZZ紙は予想以上の賛成

で承認されたと特筆した。人口の20%程が外国人で構成されているお国柄、

スイス人である事の定義は簡単ではない。親の代から祖父母の代まで遡る移

民、国際結婚、長期滞在者、亡命者、学術関係者、スポーツ・エリート等々

様々な帰化候補者がいる。言語、宗教、文化が異なる非常に複雑な人種構成

の中で、キリスト教を基本にするにも、昨今教会離れが進んでいるので容易

ではない。「スイスに住み、税金を納めている。その上何が必要なのか?」

と単純な疑問を投げかけるコスモポリタンも居る。母国とスイスと国籍法が

異なる場合が多く、地政学的見地からも、個人的には現行法で間に合うとい

う見解に同調していた。

 

2.「国道と都市交通の基金(NAF)設立連邦令」は賛成62%、反対38%で承認さ

れた。 *3) 投票率は45.5%で、全カントンが賛成多数で満場一致の様相を呈

した。交通網の整備費は巨額で、国民一人当たりの負担額に換算すると他の

予算に比べて桁が増える突出した額になる。道路交通網の拡充に伴い、他の

生活の質を左右する予算が削減されたり、環境が激変する等が懸念されてい

る。最近巨額の予算が投じられる道路交通関連の議案が次々承認される事に

いささか懸念を感じていたので、反対票を投じた。しかし、賛同する勢力が

圧倒的に多く、車を使う選挙民にとって反対する理由は無かったのかもしれ

ない。合理的な道路行政が行われるのか今後も見守りたい。

 

3.「法人税改革法III」は反対59.1%、賛成40.9%、投票率は45.2% *4)

人税の優遇策が廃止されれば多国籍企業がスイスから出ていき、働き場所の

減少につながると推進派は懸念していた。スイスの進出企業への税制優遇措

置をEUが問題視して圧力を掛けていた為、何らかの税制改革は急務だった。

スイスの企業立地の競争力を維持する為に、国内企業にも同様に法人税を引

き下げてEUの圧力を回避すべく、連邦政府とカントンは足並みを揃えた。し

かし大政党の中で唯一法案に反対を唱えて国民投票を発議した社会民主党

(SP)は有権者の心を捉えたようだった。大企業の首脳陣が、企業実績の如何

に関わらず、高額の報酬やボーナスを受け取りながら、人員削減には大鉈を

振るって来た事への不信感は、国民の意識に深く根付いていたようだ。通勤

者用無料新聞「20分紙」は「国民は経済エリートをもう信用しなくなった。

盲目的に受け入れる時代は終わった。」という見出しで投票結果を報じた。

TA紙の一面は、法人税改正案を阻止した左派の勝利と写真入で報じた。TA

の読者投稿欄でも、詳細が分からない事への不信感から否定的な意見が多か

った。分からないので「反対」に票を投じた有権者は少なからずいたと報じ

られた。投票結果を左右した要因の一つに、エヴェリン・ヴィドゥマー=シ

ュルンプフ前財務相が投票日直近に議案に否定的な見解を表明した為、7%

度が反対票に回って結果を左右したとも伝えられた。新たに改革案を作り直

さなければならないウエリ・マウレル財務相は、「変更の余地は極めて少な

い」と沈鬱な面持ちで述べていた。

 

「女性参政権」がスイスで導入されて半世紀近くになる事から最近話題にな

っていた折も折、201747日マルテ・ゴステリ女史 が99歳で永眠した。

*5) 今年3月に公共放送のインタビューに応じたばかりだった。彼女は全生

涯を通じてスイスの婦人参政権獲得を闘った事で知られる。1789年フランス

革命の後、女性の権利獲得運動が始まった。1848年スイス最初の連邦憲法に

「全てのスイス国民は法の下で平等」と謳われたものの、女性は言及も除外

もされていなかった。19世紀半ば様々な女性の慈善・社会団体が生まれ、女

性の教育機会を求めるようになった。1890年代に初めて女性達が政治的権利

を求める全国組織を結成したが、政治参加が実現したのはヨーロッパで最も

遅かった。但し、国民投票によって女性参政権が実現したヨーロッパ最初の

国ではあった。

 

スイスの女性参政権が導入されたのは197127日だが、実際の導入時期は

カントンによって異なり、全カントンで実施されるまでに20年の歳月を要し

た。 *6) *7) 女性初の国民議会議員は1971年、法律家エリザベス・ブルン

シー他9名が選出された。*8) CVP(キリスト教民主党)から当選したブルンシ

ーだが、出身地カントン・シュヴィーツで女性参政権が認められたのは翌年

1972年になってからだった。 *9) その後政界での女性の活躍は急速で目覚

ましいものがある。女性初の連邦政府閣僚は1984年誕生と遅めながら、2010

年には女性閣僚が4名と連邦政府7名の過半数を占めた時期もある。*10)

 

国連の「女子に対するあらゆる形態の差別の撤廃に関する条約」に関連する

国内外の事情が最近日常的に報道されている。*11) 男女同一労働で女性の

賃金が20%程度少ない事が度々論じられ、出産・子育てで女性の生涯就業期

間が短い為に、受け取る年金が男性に比べて大幅に少ない事も問題視されて

いる。大企業の女性経営陣の比率が他の欧米諸国に比べてスイスではまだ割

合が低いと取り沙汰されてもいる。スイス女性は良妻賢母型という印象なが

ら、社会参加への意欲は強く、子育てが一段落すると仕事に就く女性は多い

。家事とキャリア形成の両立に苦闘する女性への支援は政治課題になってお

り、スイス女性の政治的発言力は確実に増している感がある。

 

 

【 参照 】

 

*1 ) 2017212日の国民投票の結果:

https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/dokumentation/abstimmungen/20170212.html

*2) 「 移民第三世代の帰化簡素化連邦令」:

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20170212/Federal-Decree-on-the-Simplified-Naturalisation-of-Third-Generation-Immigrants.html

*3) 「国道と都市交通の基金(NAF)設立連邦令」:

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20170212/Federal-Decree-on-Establishing-a-Fund-for-National-Roads-and-Urban-Traffic.html

*4) 「法人税改革法III

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20170212/Corporate-Tax-Reform-Act-III.html

*5) マルテ・ゴステリ: https://www.gosteli-foundation.ch/de

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/berner-frauenrechtlerin-marthe-gosteli-verstorben

*6) スイスの女性参政権:

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenstimmrecht_in_der_Schweiz

*7) Women's suffrage/女性参政権:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage

*8) 国民議会:

https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/politik/uebersicht/bundesversammlung.html

*9) エリザベス・ブルンシー:

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Blunschy

*10) 女性連邦評議員:

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/federal-council/history-of-the-federal-council/women-in-the-federal-council.html

*11) 女子差別撤廃条約:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women

 

 

【 編集後記 】

 

現在国民にとって最も切実な「国民年金(AHV)」に関する議論が進行中で、

目が離せない。次の国民投票は2017521日に「エネルギー法」が予

定されている。休む間が無いが、興味深くもある。

 

 

□━━━━━━━━━━━━【 English 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□

 

 

The results of the popular vote on February 12, 2017 and

Women's suffrage

 

                     Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

The outline of the results of the popular voting on February 12,

2017 is as follows. *1)

 

1. "Federal Decree on the Simplified Naturalization of Third-

Generation Immigrants" was approved by 60.4% "Yes", and rejected  by

39.6% "No". *2) The turnout of voters was at 46.4%. The condition

for such a "simplified naturalization" requests no criminal record

and no acceptance of social welfare benefits. Even the Canton of

Ticino approved it by 50.2% "Yes"; the area is known for its strict

policy about immigrants due to a large number of cross-border

commuters, it has become a hot topic. The Newspaper "NZZ" noted that

the approval by the "Yes-side" was higher than expected. It is not

easy to define to be Swiss regarding to the fact that 20% of the

country's population are foreign nationals. It exists various

naturalization candidates, such as immigrants going back to the

parents' generation or to the grandparents' generation, bi-national

marriage with Swiss, long-term residents, refugee, academics,

sports-elite, and so on. In a highly complex racial composition with

different languages, religions, and cultures, it is not easy to base

on Christianity, as the exits from the (official) church have

increased recently. There are also cosmopolitans, who create doubts

with their attitude, which is "I live in Switzerland, pay taxes,

what more is necessary?" In many cases the nationality law between

the home country and Switzerland is different, and from the

geopolitical point of view, I personally have come  into line with

the view of current law.

 

2. "Federal Decree on Establishing a Fund for National Roads and

Urban Traffic (NRUTF)" was approved by 62% "Yes" and rejected by 38%

"No". *3) The turnout of voters was at 45.5%, and all Cantons

unanimously agreed with the majority of the "Yes-votes". The costs

for the transportation network (infrastructure) is huge, and

converted per capita, the burden is a digit higher by a prominent

amount compared with other budget posts. Due to the expansion of the

road transport network, there is concern that it affects other

budgets items such as regarding to the quality of lives, or it can

be related to a drastic environment change. I felt somewhat

concerned about the recent approval of the bill related to road

traffic; recently planned or approved projects will collect a huge

budget amount, that's why, I voted against the bill. However, many

groups overwhelmingly agreed to it; there may not have been any

reason to oppose to it for the electorate who uses the car. I would

like to watch whether a reasonable road administration will be

conducted in the future.

 

3. "Corporate Tax Reform Act III" was rejected by 59.1% "No" and

40.9% "Yes", and the turnout of voters was at 45.2%. Advocates

worried that multinational corporations would leave Switzerland, if

the incentive tax system was abolished and that would lead to a

reduction of the working places. Some kind of tax reform was urgent

because of the pressure by the EU against the incentive corporate

tax system in Switzerland. The Federal Government and the Cantons

have aligned to lower the corporate tax for domestic companies too,

in order to avoid the EU pressure and to maintain the competitiveness

of Switzerland as a business location. However, the Social Democratic

Party (SP), which was the only party among the major political

parties to oppose the bill and the initiator of the popular vote,

seems to have captured the heart of the voters. Regardless of the

corporate achievements, the leaders of large corporations have

received high pay and bonus while cutting the number of employees. It

seems that the distrust was deeply rooted in the public awareness.

The free commuters newspaper "20 minuten" reported with the heading

"People no longer trust economic elite, the era of being blindly

accepted has ended." The daily newspaper "Tages-Anzeiger (TA)"

reported the victory of the left, which had prevented the corporate

tax revision on the top page with photograph. In the readers'

comments on the TA-newspaper, there were many negative opinions due

to not understandable details; that led to distrust. It was reported

that not only a few voters voted "No", because they didn't understand

the bill. One of the factors that influenced the voting result was,

that the previous Finance Minister, Mrs. Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf

expressed a negative view of the bill before the voting date; it's

said that around 7% of the voters turned to vote "No". Finance

Minister Mr. Ueli Maurer who had to newly build up the reform plan

said "There is little room for change" with a depressed face.

 

Woman's suffrage rights has become a hot topic recently as it was

introduced in Switzerland for nearly half a century ago. Mrs. Marthe

Gosteli expired at age of 99 years on April 7, 2017 that made a

special impact on it. *5) She just spoke on an interview with the

Swiss public broadcasting company in March. She is known of fighting

for women's suffrage in Switzerland throughout her entire life.

Following the French Revolution in 1789, the women's rights

acquisition movement began. The first Federal Constitution of

Switzerland in 1848 provided the principle "All Swiss citizens are

equal under the law", but women were neither mentioned nor excluded.

In the middle of the 19th century, various women's charity and social

associations were born seeking women's educational opportunities. For

the first time in the 1890s, women formed national organizations

seeking political rights, but political participation was realized

latest in Europe. But, Switzerland was the first country in Europe,

where women's suffrage rights were realized through a popular vote.

 

The women's suffrage was introduced on February 7, 1971, however,

the actual introduction time differs, depending on the Cantons, and

it took 20 years to be implemented in all Cantons. *6) *7) As the

first female member of the National Assembly was elected Mrs.

Elisabeth Blunschy, a lawyer and nine other women. *8) Mrs. Blunschy

was elected from the CVP (Christian Democratic Party), but the

women's suffrage was approved in her home Canton of Schwyz only in

the following year of 1972. *9) Later political success of women was

rapid and remarkable. The birth of the first female Federal

Councilor (Bundesrat) lagged behind up to1984, but women ministers

occupied the majority with four people in the seven members Federal

Government in 2010. *10)

 

Recently, domestic and foreign circumstances related to the UN "

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against

Women" have been reported on a daily basis. *11) It is often argued

that women's wages are about 20% less than for men based on the same

kind of work, and it is considered to be a problem too, that

pensions received are much smaller than for men because of the short

lifetime employment period of women due to giving birth and bringing

up children. The proportion of female management members at large

companies is still of concern in Switzerland compared to other

Western countries. Despite my impression that women in Switzerland

are good wives and mothers, they are strongly motivated to

participate in the society, and many women take jobs when parenting

is settled down. Supporting women who struggle with balancing

housework and career development has become a political issue, and

the political voices of Swiss women have definitely increased, I

think.

 

 

[ Reference ]

 

*1 ) The results of the popular vote on February 12, 2017

https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/dokumentation/abstimmungen/20170212.html

*2) Federal Decree on the Simplified Naturalisation of Third-Generation Immigrants:

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20170212/Federal-Decree-on-the-Simplified-Naturalisation-of-Third-Generation-Immigrants.html

*3) Federal Decree on Establishing a Fund for National Roads and Urban Traffic (NRUTF) :

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20170212/Federal-Decree-on-Establishing-a-Fund-for-National-Roads-and-Urban-Traffic.html

*4) Corporate Tax Reform Act III :

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20170212/Corporate-Tax-Reform-Act-III.html

*5) Marthe Gosteli : https://www.gosteli-foundation.ch/de

https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/berner-frauenrechtlerin-marthe-gosteli-verstorben

*6) Women's suffrage in Switzerland:

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenstimmrecht_in_der_Schweiz

*7) Women's suffrage/女性参政権:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage

*8) The Federal Assembly (parliament):

https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/politik/uebersicht/bundesversammlung.html

*9) Elisabeth Blunschy

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Blunschy

*10) Women in the Federal Council :

https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/federal-council/history-of-the-federal-council/women-in-the-federal-council.html

*11) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women

 

 

Editor's Comment

 

Discussion on the national pension (AHV) that is the most compelling

issue for the people at present and it is in progress; therefore we

cannot keep an eye off on it. The next popular vote of  "Energy law"

is scheduled on May 21, 2017. No time to have a rest, but it's

interesting indeed.

 

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