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  Multi Lingual Internet Mail Magazine

  jp-Swiss-journal  Vol. 160 – October 07, 2015 (Swiss Time)

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目次 / INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

 

 

 J

20151018日連邦議員選挙

 

                      明子 ヒューリマン

 

 

E

Federal elections of 18 October 2015

 

                  Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

□━━━━━━━━━━━━【 日本語 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━□

 

 

     20151018日連邦議員選挙

 

                      明子 ヒューリマン

 

 

4年に一度行われるスイスの連邦議会選挙 *1) は上下両院同時に改選され

る。9月末に秋の議会セッションを終えた議員は、選挙戦最後の追い込みに

入った。候補者のプラカードが街角や道路沿いに立てられ、家庭にも選挙の

印刷物が舞い込んでくる。自治体からも政党と候補者の情報が、そして投票

日の3週間程前には投票用紙と説明書が配布されてくる。しかし日本の様な

選挙用宣伝カーが走り回る事は無く、屋外ではあくまで音無しの選挙戦だ。

音声情報は専らテレビとラジオが引き受けているので、その役割は新聞と共

に極めて重要だ。

 

下院の「国民議会(Der Nationalrat)」は200議席。スイスの人口800万人を

200議席で割ると、4万人を代表する議員とTA紙の小冊子に説明があった。

*2) カントン毎に選挙区 *3) は構成され、住民4万人以下であっても最低

1議席は保証されている。国民議会には現在11政党 *4) が代議員を送ってい

るが、会派を構成しているのは7政党。 *5) Lega(ティチーノ・リーグ)2

名とMCG(ジュネーヴ市民運動)1名はSVPに組み込まれ、CSP(オプヴァルデン・キリスト教社会党)1名はCVPに組み込まれている。

 

上院の「全州議会(Der Staenderat)」は46議席。カントンの代表として20

カントンに2議席つづ、6つの半州には各1議席与えられている。 *6) 人口百

万人を超えているツューリッヒも議席は2議席のみで、人口35,000人のカン

トン・ウーリと同じ議席数。地方自治を重視する連邦制故に、全州議会は各

カントンを同等に扱う。全州議会議員は連邦議会内で知事の様な役割を担っ

ていると言えよう。

 

国民議会は政党の政策を、全州議会は地方の政策を推進するよう役割分担が

図られている。従って、日本の様に1票の格差の憲法論争は聞かれない。現

状、2011年の選挙後の各政党の議席数は以下の通り。

 

【国民議会】 

革新系: 104議席

- SP(社会民主党):46議席

- CVP/EVP(キリスト教民主党/福音国民党):31議席

- Gruene(緑の党):15議席

- glp(グリーン・リヴェラル党):12議席

保守系: 96議席

- SVP(スイス国民党):57議席

- FDP(自由民主党): 30議席

- BDP(保守民主党):9議席

 

【全州議会】 

革新系: 26議席

- SP(社会民主党):11議席

- CVP(キリスト教民主党):13議席

- Gruene(緑の党):2議席

保守系: 20議席

- FDP(自由民主党): 11議席

- SVP(スイス国民党):6議席

- glp(グリーン・リヴェラル党):2議席

- BDP(保守民主党):1議席

 

連邦議会は上下両院ともに革新政党がやや優勢という保革絶妙のバランスを

維持してきた。興味深い点は、最大政党SVPが全州議会で占める議席数が少

ない点だ。スイス政府の閣僚も本来2名いて然るべきなのに1名に甘んじてい

る。直截な主張が多いSVPは、大衆の支持は得られても、枢要なポストの争

奪戦では劣勢だ。スイスの政治は数だけで決まらない要素がある。

 

連邦統計局の20158月の直近の選挙バロメーターによると、SVP28%SP

19.3%FDP16.9%と上昇傾向だった。一方CVP11.1%、緑の党は7.4%

glp4.3%BDP4.2%と下降傾向を示した。3大政党が支持を伸ばし、それ

以外の中小政党は支持を下げてはいる。が、保革のバランスは未だ保たれて

いるし、一強多弱になる心配も未だしなくて済みそうだ。支持政党の判断は

、国民投票発議案の成否、閣僚の仕事振り、議員の仕事振りや発言等様々の

要素で国民は決める。日頃からメディアの情報を注視していなければ的確な

判断も出来ない訳だ。

 

争点になっている政治課題は盛り沢山で複雑だ。欧米諸国からの圧力で銀行

機密制度を対外的に解消する方向で「税制・金融制度改革」をBDPの財務相

は進めている。SVPが発議した議案「大量移民の阻止」が201426日の国

民投票で承認され、「移動の自由」を保証するEUがまかりならんと交渉を断

固拒否して以来、スイス政府は対応に苦慮してきた。スイスの「難民政策」

は「現地支援」が基本で、教育や職業訓練等で成果を挙げており、この方針

を継続する方針だ。現下のシリア難民についてSPの法相は、一時的な受け入

れで連帯の意思表示をする方針を示している。SPの内務大臣は、女性の定年

年齢を1歳引き上げて65歳にし、全体の給付を減らす提案をしたと報じられ

ている。高齢化社会が進行する中、財源不足が予想される為「年金改革」は

急務の課題だ。SP4年前新任の閣僚を政府に送り込む際に、敢えて不人気

の年金改革に取り組む姿勢を見せた。CVPのエネルギー相は「エネルギー転

換政策」によって、原発を廃止して持続可能なエネルギー政策へ舵を切ろう

としている。民間企業も外国で太陽光発電プロジェクトや風力発電プロジェ

クトを既に進めているものの、施設が国内に無い事で不安視もされている。

「国土利用・交通計画」については、国土が欧州の交通の要衝に在る事に依

る環境保全の難しさがある。国土の急激な宅地化に関しては、201239

の「2つ目の住居(別荘)」を制限する国民投票が承認され、法制化の過程

にある。SVPの国防相はスイス軍の効率化と軍事費の削減を着々と進め国防

の効率化を図っている。いずれもずっしりと重い課題だ。

 

選挙の要領は政府のウェブサイトで公開されている。 *7) 2015105日付

TA紙の選挙情勢の報道で、Sotomo *8) の調査(NZZ紙の依頼)に依ると、SVP

6議席、FDP4議席増やす勢いと報じられた。一方緑の党が5議席、グリー

ン・リヴェラルが4議席の大幅減が予想され、SP3議席、CVPは1議席減と

軽微な後退。国民議会は保革の形勢が逆転するという予想で、全州議会の議

席配分は安定しているという調査結果だ。しかし選挙の結果は蓋を開けてみ

なければ分からない。因みに国会以上に大枠の政治制度も重要で、スイスの

連邦制と連邦政府の「マジック・フォーミュラ」*9) は権力の過剰な集中を

排除する機能を持ち、国民投票と共に外国の介入を強固に阻む制度は、今日

のスイス政治の安定につながっている。諸外国も積極的に採用を検討する価

値のある優れた制度だと思う。

 

 

参照

 

*1) 20151018日連邦議員選挙: https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/

*2) 連邦議会:http://www.parlament.ch/e/Pages/default.aspx

*3) 国民議会のカントン別議席数:

http://www.parlament.ch/e/organe-mitglieder/nationalrat/mitglieder-kanton/Pages/default.aspx

*4) 政党:

http://www.parlament.ch/e/organe-mitglieder/bundesversammlung/fraktionen/Pages/parteien.aspx

政党の略称:

https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/parties/parties-abbreviations/

5) 国民議会の政党と会派:

https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/parties/the-political-parties-and-parliamentary-groups-in-the-nation/

*6) 全州議会議員:

http://www.parlament.ch/E/ORGANE-MITGLIEDER/STAENDERAT/MITGLIEDER-KANTON/Pages/default.aspx

*7) 2015年選挙投票要領:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djjVH9QY7ME&feature=youtu.be

*8) 選挙情勢:http://sotomo.ch/wp/

*9) マジック・フォーミュラ (スイス政府)

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC

 

 

編集後記

 

日本人はよく政治を好き嫌いで論じる。しかし政治は自らの死活問題である

筈だ。政治とは、労働が生活の糧となるのと同じ範疇の問題である事を認識

して初めて、真剣に向き合えるようになる。欧州では市民が自らの死活問題

を意識して政治的発言を高めている。まともな職を得て、健康に暮らしたい

、人権を守りたい、平和に生きたい、持続可能な社会を形成したい、地球を

守りたい等々の問題が日々の大きな話題になっている。市民が目覚めさえす

れば、政治を動かす力になる。(A.H.)

 

 

━━━━━━━━━━━━ English ━━━━━━━━━━━━━

 

 

     Federal elections of October 18, 2015

 

                      Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

Swiss Federal elections *1) are taking place once in four years.

Then both houses of Parliament are elected at the same time.

Lawmakers have just finished the autumn parliamentary session at the

end of this September, entering the last home stretch of the

election campaign. Candidates’ placards are set along the streets

and roads. Printed materials for election come also into home.

Municipalities distribute information of political parties and

candidates too. Ballot papers and instructions are distributed

around three weeks before the election day. However, election

promotional cars don't run around like in Japan; the election

campaign is absolutely without sound outdoors. Audio information is

done exclusively by television and radio, its role is quite

important the same as newspapers.

 

The House of Representatives "National Council" (Nationalrat) has

200 seats. An explanation in a flyer by Tages-Anzeiger, divided the

Swiss population of 8 Mio. people by 200 seats. It showed one

lawmaker is representing 40,000 people. *2) The Constituency is

formed per Canton *3), and a Canton is guaranteed at least one seat

less than or equal to 40,000 residents. Currently eleven political

parties *4) send delegates to the National Council, then seven

political parties *5) constitute parliamentary groups. Two lawmakers

of the Lega (Lega dei Ticinesi) and one parliament member of the MCG

(Mouvement Citoyens Genevois) are integrated into the SVP, and one

parliament member of the CSP (Die Christlichsoziale Partei Obwalden)

has joined to CVP.

 

The Upper House "Council of States" (Staenderat) has 46 seats. That

are representatives of the Cantons, 20 Cantons are given each two

seats, and 6 half Cantons are given each one seat. *6) With more

than one million population, the Canton of Zurich is given only two

seats that is the same number of seats like the Canton of Uri with

a population of 35,000 people. That federal system emphasizes the

local autonomy, Council of States deals with each canton equally.

It can be said that Council of States play a role as governor in the

federal parliament.

 

Role sharing is achieved that the National Council is characterized

by the politics of the parties, and the Council of States is to

promote local politics and interests. Therefore, the constitutional

controversy of disparity of one vote is not heard like in Japan.

Currently, the number of seats of each party after the election of

2011 is as follows:

 

[National Council]

Liberal: 104 seats

- SP (Social Democrats): 46 seats

- CVP/EVP (Christian Democrats/Evangelical People's Party): 31 seats

- Gruen (Green Party): 15 seats

- glp (Green Liberal): 12 seats

Conservative: 96 seats

- SVP (Swiss People's Party): 57 seats

- FDP (The Liberals): 30 seats

- BDP (Conservative Democratic Party): 9 seats

 

[Council of States]

Liberal: 26 seats

- SP (Social Democrats): 11 seats

- CVP (Christian Democrats): 13 seats

- Gruen (Green Party): 2 seats

Conservative: 20 seats

- FDP (The Liberals): 11 seats

- SVP (Swiss People's Party): 6 seats

- glp (Green Liberal): 2 seats

- BDP (Conservative Democratic Party): 1 seats

 

The Federal Parliament has maintained an exquisite balance of a

somewhat dominant position by liberal parties in both Houses of

Parliament. It is an interesting point that the SVP, the biggest

party, occupies in the Council of State less parliamentarians. At

the Swiss Government, the SVP was given only one ministerial post,

although the appropriate number should be two. The SVP party with

often straightforward assertions obtains support by the mass of the

people, however, is inferior in the battle of the pivotal posts. The

Swiss politics has an element, which isn't determined only by

numbers.

 

According to the most recent election barometer of August 2015 by

the Federal Statistical Office, the rising trend sees the SVP with

28%, the SP with 19.3%, the FDP with 16.9%. Whereas the CVP with

11.1%, the Green with 7.4%, the glp with 4.3%, and the BDP with 4.2%

show a downwards trend. The big three political parties increased

their support, and other small and medium-sized political parties

decreased in support. Anyway, the balance of conservatives and

liberals is still maintained, and worries of one strong and multi-

weak parties seem still unnecessary. Citizens decide their support

for a political party in a variety of elements such as the success

or failure of an initiative bill of national voting, the performance

of the minister, the performance and remarks of the legislators.

Unless watching the information of the media on a daily basis, we

cannot make also a good judgment.

 

Issues in the political agenda are plenty and complicated. The BDP

Minister of Finance is promoting the "tax and financial system

reform" in a direction to eliminate the bank customer secrecy system

for international clients under the Euro-American pressure. The

Swiss government has been struggling to act since the SVP initiative

bill of "Stop mass immigration" was accepted by the national voting

on February 6, 2014. The EU resolutely refuses negotiation with

Switzerland because EU ensures the "free movement of workers". The

Swiss "refugee policy" has a principle of "local support" in the

countries of origin by supplying education and vocational training.

That has achieved results, and the government plans to continue this

policy. SP justice minister favors a policy based on the intention

of solidarity by temporarily accepting a number of Syrian refugees

at present. SP Interior Minister has presented a proposal, which

wants to increase the retirement age for women by one year up to the

age of 65 years old and reducing overall benefits. While the aging

of the society progresses, the "pension reform" is an urgent

challenge because a lack of resources is expected. When the SP sent

a new minister to the cabinet, the SP showed the commitment daring

to tackle the unpopular pension reform four years ago. CVP Energy

Minister intends to turn to the sustainable "energy transition

policy" in order to abolish nuclear power plants (NPP). Private

companies are working already on solar power projects and wind power

generation projects in foreign countries, however, there are worries

about these facilities, which are not inland. About the "National

Land Use and Transportation Plan", there is the difficulty of

environmental protection due to the fact that the country is located

in the hub of the European traffic. The rapid housing development by

using national land that isn't endlessly available was countered by

the popular initiative to restrict the "second housing", which was

approved by the national voting on March 9, 2012. The bill is in the

process of legislation. The SVP Defense Minister is steadily working

to promote the efficiency of national defense based on a reduced

Swiss Army budget. All subjects are a heavy challenge.

 

The manners of the election have been published on the government

website. *7) According to the survey of Sotomo *8) (requested by NZZ

newspaper), the SVP will increase 6 seats, and the increase for the

FDP will be 4 seats was reported in the news about the election

trend in the TA newspaper on October 5, 2015. On the other hand, a

significant decrease is expected for parties such as the Green with

5 seats and the glp with 4 seats. The SP with 3 seats and the CVP

with 1 seat will suffer only a minor setback is expected. The

results of the survey about the National Council (Nationalrat) are

expected to be a reverse of tide to the conservatives and liberals,

and the seat allocation for the Council of State (Staenderat) will

be stable. But the results of the election are unknown until the

election day. By the way, the outline of the political system is

also important even more than the Parliament. The Federal System

and Federal Government of Switzerland with the so-called "Magic

Formula" has a function to eliminate an excessive concentration of

power; and together with the National Voting, the system firmly

prevents foreign intervention too. It has led to the stability of

today"s Swiss politics. I think it's an excellent system worthwhile

to be considered introducing in other countries.

 

Reference

 

*1) Federal elections of October 18, 2015:

https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/

*2) The Swiss Parliament:

http://www.parlament.ch/e/Pages/default.aspx

*3) Members of the National Council by canton:

http://www.parlament.ch/e/organe-mitglieder/nationalrat/mitglieder-kanton/Pages/default.aspx

*4) Political parties represented in Parliament:

http://www.parlament.ch/e/organe-mitglieder/bundesversammlung/fraktionen/Pages/parteien.aspx

Parties abbreviations:

https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/parties/parties-abbreviations/

5) The political parties and parliamentary groups in the National

Council:

https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/parties/the-political-parties-and-parliamentary-groups-in-the-nation/

*6) Members of the Council of States by canton:

http://www.parlament.ch/E/ORGANE-MITGLIEDER/STAENDERAT/MITGLIEDER-KANTON/Pages/default.aspx

*7) Kommunikationsprodukte zu den Wahlen 2015:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djjVH9QY7ME&feature=youtu.be

*8) Election Situation: http://sotomo.ch/wp/

*9) Magic formula (Swiss Government):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_formula

 

 

Editor‘s Comment

 

Japanese people often talk about politics with likes or dislikes.

But politics must become their own life-or-death issue. Politics

must be recognized in the same way as the labor, which is in its

category the bread of life, then we can seriously face it. In

Europe, citizens are aware of the importance of politics for their

own life that is why they enhance their political voices. The big

topics of the day-to-day issue is to obtain a decent job, to be

able to live healthy, to be able to protect human rights, to be

allowed to live in peace, having the desire to build up a

sustainable society, showing eagerness to protect the Earth, and

so on. If citizens are awakened, then they will become a strong

force to move the (Japanese) politics. (A.H.)

 

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