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  Multi Lingual Internet Mail Magazine

  jp-Swiss-journal  Vol. 147 – October 22, 2013 (Swiss Time)

   https://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/
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目次 / INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

 

 J

国民投票20131124

1.1:12 公平な賃金」

2.「家族発議:自分で子育てする親にも減税」

3.「国道税法修正法」(自動車道シール)

 

 

明子 ヒューリマン

 

E

The National Voting on November 24, 2013

1. Popular initiative "1:12 - for fair wages"

2. Popular initiative "Family initiative: tax

  deductions for parents who care for their

  children themselves"

3. Federal Act on the Charge for Using the

  National Highways

  (National Highways Charge NHC)

 

 

 

Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

━━━━━━━━━━━━━【 日本語 ━━━━━━━━━━━━

 

 

 

     国民投票20131124日:

     1. 1:12 公平な賃金」

     2. 「家族発議:自分で子育てする親にも減税」

     3. 「国道税法修正法」(自動車道シール)

 

明子 ヒューリマン

 

 

先ず前回の国民投票の結果 *1) についてお伝えすると、事前の予想通り

好ましい結果に落着いた。「兵役義務廃止」は否決され、「流行病修正

法」と「給油所営業時間緩和」は承認され連邦政府・議会の推奨通りの

決着を見た。つまり連邦政府は新たな立法化の作業負担から免れる事が

出来た。一難去ってまた一難という印象の昨今の国民投票だが、次に控

える20131124日国民投票の内容 *2) を概観してみよう。

 

1. 1:12 公平な賃金」:近年大手企業経営者の巨額の報酬が注目を集め

て批判に晒されてきた事から、Juso(社会民主党青年部) *3) が発議した

議案だ。同じ職場の賃金格差を112以内に納めるよう法律で定める要求

だ。左派勢力は同時に最低賃金が引き上げられる事も期待していると報じ

られている。多国籍企業の経営陣の数十億円規模の年収が批判に晒され、

税金で救済されていた銀行の経営者に億円単位の報酬が支払われていた事

にも市民が同調しやすい素地があった。

 

だが大企業の株主総会では、いわゆる法外な役員報酬が株主に承認されて

いた。株主達は経営陣の辣腕で高い配当を期待したり、あるいはビジネス

競争の中で企業の生き残りを求めて経営陣の巨額の報酬を容認したものか。

特に大銀行は外国の司法の介入と巨額の罰金で存続が危ぶまれる事態にも

遭遇し、経営陣が数年間に何度も交代した。国際比較で釣り合う報酬でな

ければ有能な経営者は来ないし、そうした人材でなければ経営の舵取りは

出来ないという認識が多く聞かれる。政府・議会と経済界は、経済活動の

自由を阻害し、スイスの成功モデルを危険に晒すと反対している。特に国

際的企業がスイスに立地する際の妨げになり、結果税収減にも繋がると懸

念は強い。

 

日本同様スイスの国民経済も中小企業が多くを担っている。EUの基準では

、中小企業は従業員250人以下、売り上げ高6千万スイスフラン以下。其れ

に該当するスイスの中小企業は36万社あるのに対して、大企業と言えるの

1,120社。中小企業の社内で給与格差が112もある等殆ど考えられない

水準なので完全なパラドックス、と20131022日付NZZ紙は論じている。

2013118日付のTA紙は、スイスの賃金は欧米諸国との比較では最も

公平に分配されているが、2000年に比べて2010年の分配率は不公平化が進

んでいるとも報じた。

 

基本的に賃金格差が少ない社会程公平で争いが少ない、という研究者の知

見には説得力があると思う。しかし、世界トップクラスの経済的繁栄と生

活水準を長年堅持しているスイスで、生存権が課題の諸外国とは次元の異

なる賃金格差を問題視しても社会問題には直結しない。スイスの賃金格差

はむしろ男女の賃金格差がしきりに議論されているのが現状だ。投票日を

目前に控えて反対のキャンペーンが最後の追い込みをかけてきた。賃金を

決めるのは企業と従業員の問題で国家が関与する事ではなく、税とAHV

基礎年金)の引き上げにつながると危機感を募らせている。

 

2. 「家族発議:自分で子育てする親にも減税」:現行法は子守りを外部

委託する場合、税金の軽減措置が受けられ、託児所への公的資金援助もあ

る。この減税措置を自宅で子育てする家庭にも適用する、というSVP(保守

)発議の議案だ。一見左派勢力の発議の様に見える議案だが、左派社会

民主党のクリスティアン・レヴラ党首は裕福な家庭の減税になると批判し

ている。この減税案が承認されると地方の税収減になり、結果的に公的保

育機関への補助金が削減される事に通じるとも指摘した。中道右派のFDP

フィリップ・ミュラー党首も、税収減が14億スイスフランにもなる恐れが

有ると反対に回った。

 

財務大臣のエヴェリン・ヴィドゥマー=シュルムプフ連邦評議員は家で子

育てをする定義、つまり議案は父親と母親しか対象にしていない事に疑問

を呈し、子供の養育に公的補助金を出す提案をした事で議論が再燃してい

る。ミグロ新聞の最新版 *4) は、自宅以外に子供を預ける割合を示した。

祖父母等の親族が53.2%、託児所が29.4%、ベビーシッターが13.4%、知

人・隣人 7.1%他となっている。報酬を要求されない場合が圧倒的に多そ

うだ。親が時々家に居て子供の面倒を見る場合も事情を複雑にする。投票

も済まない内に早くも、外部に子供を預けている家庭の税の軽減を言い始

める声も聞こえてきた。今日税制の簡略化が求められている中で、これ以

上税制をいじくり回すと弊害をもたらすと思う。この発議は左派勢力を混

乱させて下り坂の党勢回復を狙うスイス国民党の党利党略の様にも思える。

 

3. 「国道税法修正法」(自動車道シール)

高速道路を利用する車輛に義務付けられているヴィニエッテ(年度毎の納

税シール)を現行の40スイスフランから100スイスフランにする修正案が政

府・議会から提出された。外国の車輛にも適用されるとはいえ、日本の高

速道路料金と比べて比較にならない低額だ。それでも、反対するロビイス

トがいるのだ。スイスの高速道路は素晴らしく維持管理されているので、

走っていて大変気持ちが良い。先日ニューヨークマラソンが開催された時

の新聞の写真を見て驚いた。大勢のランナーが走っている橋の中央分離帯

の劣化が酷く、こんな橋は恐ろしくてとても渡る気にはなれないと思った

ものだ。余り吝嗇な考えでいると、スイスの道路もニューヨーク並になろ

うというものだ。安くは無い車の購入費と維持管理費、そしてガソリン代

が払えるなら、道路の維持管理費にも責任を持つのが自動車所有者の義務

だと思う。1120日(水)ロイトハルトゥ交通省は、議案が承認されない

場合はガソリン代を9ラッペン値上げすると警告を発した。 *5) その代わ

りカントンが管理する400kmの道路の維持管理を連邦政府が引き受けると。

この爆弾発言で投票動向が変わるかどうかは微妙。

 

三つの議案とも可なり長い間継続的にメディアで報じられ、活発な論戦が

続いてきた。何度か報じられた投票動向は流動的だ。20131114日付タ

ーゲス・アンツァイガー紙の投票動向では、1. 1:12 公平な賃金」は賛

成が36% と支持が下がり、反対が54%と上昇傾向にある。 2. 「家族発議」

は賛成の49%は支持が下がる傾向で、反対が43%と急上昇している。 3.

「国道税法修正法」(自動車道シール)は賛成50%で支持が伸びており、反

対は46%で下がる傾向にある。今回「1:12 公平な賃金」は承認される芽が

無くなりつつある。だが「家族発議」が承認されると、税制の混乱が深ま

りかねない。

 

20131022日付NZZ紙上で、「我々は国民投票の洪水に見舞われている」

とジャン=ダニエル・ゲルバー元国務長官は憤懣やるかたないという表情

で、国民投票のハードルを大幅に引き上げるべきだと発言した。イニシア

ティヴは特殊な関心事を取り上げる傾向が強まっていて、政府機関の多く

の時間が費やされ、真に重要な問題が取り残されると懸念を表明した。近

年の国民投票の内容を見るにつけ、この意見には全く同感だ。爛熟期とも

言えそうなスイスの直接民主主義に、注意深く見守っていく必要を感じて

いる。

 

【 参照 】

 

*1) 2013922日国民投票の結果:

https://www.ch.ch/de/volksabstimmung-22-09-2013/

http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz-abstimmungen-22-9-2013

*2) 20131124日国民投票:

https://www.ch.ch/de/volksabstimmung-24-11-2013/

*3) JUSO(社会民主党青年部):http://www.juso.ch/

*4) ミグロ新聞:

http://www.migrosmagazin.ch/menschen/dossier/artikel/

familieninitiative-nicht-alle-sitzen-im-selben-boot

*5) ロイトゥハルトゥ交通相の警告:

https://www.blick.ch/politik/leuthard-legt-die-rechnung-vor-100-franken-vignette-oder-benzin-9-rappen-teurer-id2541430.html

 

 

編集後記

 

今年最後の国民投票の結果と反響は12月中にお伝えしたいと思っている。

スイスの直接民主主義を擁護する立場の1人では有るが、ポピュリズムに

訴える傾向が伺える昨今の国民発議による国民投票は、冷静に見極める必

要性を感じている。

 

 

□━━━━━━━━━━━━English ━━━━━━━━━━━━━□

 

 

   The National Voting on November 24, 2013:

   1. Popular initiative "1:12 - for fair wages"

   2. Popular initiative "Family initiative: tax deductions for

     parents who care for their children themselves"

   3. Federal Act on the Charge for Using the National Highways

     (National Highways Charge NHC)

 

Akiko Huerlimann

 

 

First of all, let me tell about the result of the previous polling,

*1) which were settled by favorable results as estimated.

<Initiative to abolish compulsory military service> was rejected,

<Revision of the Epidemics Act> (Referendum vote) and

<Liberalization of opening hours in petrol station shops>

(Referendum vote) were accepted as recommended by the Federal

Government and Parliament. That means the Federal Government was

able to escape from new work on legislation. Frequent national

voting is just like one problem after another. Now let's have a look

at the contents of the coming national voting *2) on November 24,

2013.

 

1. Popular initiative "1:12 - for fair wages"

In recent years, huge rewards of managers had been in the focus

and were criticized, therefore an initiative was launched by the

Juso (Young socialists). *3) The request is to introduce a law

that the wage gap should be within a range of 1:12 in the same

working place. It was reported that at the same time, left parties

expected that minimum wages were increased as well. Billion yen of

manager's annual income at multinational companies were bombarded

with criticism, bank managers received billions of yen wages

although taxpayers money was used for a bank bailout: Such behavior

caused an emotional approval of the ordinary people to that

initiative.

 

However, so called exorbitant executive compensations were approved

at the shareholder meeting of big companies. I wonder whether

shareholders expected a high dividend in the pre-eminent management

or seeking the survival of the company in business competition.

Especially large banks encountered a situation that was endangered

by large penalties and foreign judicial intervention; the top

management was replaced several times in a few years. Opinions were

often heard that a competent management will not come unless the

reward balance is in international comparison, and if there aren't

such human resources available, the steering of management cannot be

possible. The government and parliament as well as the business

community are against the initiative, which would inhibit the

freedom of economic activity and risking the success model of

Switzerland. Particular concerns were that it would become a

hindrance regarding to international companies located in

Switzerland, and it would also lead to lower tax revenue.

 

Swiss SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) are responsible for

the majority of the national economy like in Japan. The criteria of

EU, small and medium-sized enterprises are considered firms with a

staff of 250 people or less employees and a sales volume of less

than CHF 60 millions. The corresponding to Swiss enterprises refers

to a number of 360,000, additionally a total number of 1,120 are

considered to be big companies. NZZ dated October 22, 2013 analyzed

that it is an absolute paradox, because a 1:12 salary difference

(range) is an almost unthinkable level in SMEs. Also Tages-Anzeiger

dated November 8, 2013 reported that the Swiss salary is fairly

divided with regard to most compared western countries, however, the

unfairness of labor's share is increased comparing to 2000 and 2010.

 

Researchers findings are convincing that the less a  wage gap

exists, basically a society is more fair and has less conflicts.

Switzerland however that has maintained for many years a high

standard of living and economic prosperity of the world-class is not

directly link to other countries where social issues are in a

different dimension as right to live to wage gap. Wage gaps in

Switzerland, which are rather between men and women are frequently

discussed. Soon before polling day, the opposition campaign has

created a last-minute boost. It is driven by a sense of danger that

to determine the wages is a matter of between companies and

employees rather than the state. An accepted initiative could lead

to decreasing AHV-funding (state pension fund) and less tax revenue.

 

2. Popular initiative "Family initiative: tax deductions for parents

who care for their children themselves" The present law provides tax

deduction for the cost by outsourcing of child care and day-care

center for kids receiving official assistance too. The bill is

initiated by SVP (conservative party) that tax deduction should

apply also to families who care for children at home. The bill looks

like an initiative by leftist, but SP President Christian Levrat

criticizes that it can cause a tax deduction for the wealthy

families. He pointed out that if the bill will be accepted, the

municipality tax revenue will be lower and as a result that leads to

a cut of subsidies to official nurseries. Middle-right FDP president

Philip Mueller is also against the bill because there is possibility

for lower tax revenue of up to SFr 1.4 billion.

 

Federal Councilor and Finance Minister Mrs. Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf

(EWS) questioned to the definition of child care at home targeting

only mother and father and proposed public subsidy to the upbringing

of children, then the debate had been rekindled. Latest Migros

Magazine *4) showed the ratio about outsourcing child care. Family

members such as grandparents are at 53.2%, day nursery is at 29.4%,

day nanny is at 13.4%, acquaintance and neighbor are at 7.1%, and

others. A majority of the outsourcing child care isn't based on a

reward (e.g. relatives etc.) If parents occasionally stay at home

for taking care of children makes the circumstances more complex.

Already before polling day, voices have also been heard asking for

tax relief of homes that are entrusted their children to the

outside. As a simplification of the tax system is required today, I

think further tinkering with the tax system becomes destructive.

This initiative seems to me as if the partisan interests of the

Swiss People's Party (SVP) seeking the recovery of downhill party

strength by disrupting the leftist.

 

3. Federal Act on the Charge for Using the National Highways

(National Highways Charge NHC):

Amendment to increase to CHF 100 from CHF 40 of the current Vignette

(tax seal of each fiscal year) that is required in a vehicle for

using the highway has been submitted by the government and

parliament. That's said to apply also to foreign vehicle, though its

such a small sum, which cannot be compared to the toll in Japan.

Still, there are lobbyists who oppose it. The Highways of

Switzerland are wonderfully maintained, that's why it is very

pleasant to drive on. I was surprised to look at the picture of the

newspaper when the New York marathon was held the other day. The

deterioration in the median strip of the bridge was terrible where a

lot of runners were running; I thought I dare not to cross over such

a bridge for fear. If we are too stingy, Swiss roads could become

the same level as the New York ones. If people can afford the

purchase cost of car, the maintenance cost, and gasoline, which

aren't cheap at all, I think car owners have also the responsibility

to support the maintenance costs of the road. Minister of

Transportation Mrs. Leuthard warned about a rising gasoline price of

9 centimes (Rappen) in case of a rejected bill. As a compensation

the Federal government will take over an additional 400km of roads,

which are maintained by cantons so far. Voting trends with that

bombshell may or may not change is subtle.

 

The three bills have been continuously reported for a relatively

long time and were actively debated. Several times reported voting

trends were fluid. Regarding to voting trends of TA dated November

14, 2013: 1.) "1:12 - for fair wages" showed a 36% level of support

with a decreasing Yes-trend; the opposition was at a level 54% with

an increasing tendency. 2.) "Family initiative" showed an approval

rate of 49% with a falling support tendency. 3.) "National Highways

Charge" support has grown to a favor (Yes) of 50%, and the

opposition was at 46% with a falling trend. This time, "1:12 - for

fair wages" has nearly no chance to be approved. However, if the

"Family initiative" will be approved, confusion of the tax system

could deepen.

 

NZZ with the headline "We have been hit by the flood of referendum"

dated October 22, 2013, Jean-Daniel Gerber former Secretary of State

made a statement with a look of resentment that we should raise a

lot of hurdles for the referendum. He expressed that he is

concerned about the trend of initiatives picking up special

concerns (interests) and truly important issues were to be left

behind. As I see the context of referendums of recent years, I fully

agree with that opinion. The direct democracy of Switzerland could

likely be called to be in a overripe stage, therefore, I find it

needs to be watched carefully.

 

 

Reference

 

*1) The result of the National Voting on September 22, 2013:

https://www.ch.ch/de/volksabstimmung-22-09-2013/

http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz-abstimmungen-22-9-2013

*2) National Voting on November 24, 2013:

https://www.ch.ch/de/volksabstimmung-24-11-2013/

*3) JUSOJungsozialistInnen: http://www.juso.ch/

*4) Migrosmagazin:

http://www.migrosmagazin.ch/menschen/dossier/artikel/

familieninitiative-nicht-alle-sitzen-im-selben-boot

*5) Leuthard worned with the analysis:

http://www.blick.ch/news/politik/100-franken-vignette-oder-benzin-9-

rappen-teurer-id2541430.html

 

Editor’s comment

 

I'd like to report the results and responses of the last national

voting of this year within December. Although I am one of the

supporters of the direct democracy of Switzerland, however, I feel

the need to access calmly to national voting by people's initiative

that have the tendency of appealing to populism recently.

 

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