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Multi Lingual Internet Mail Magazine
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★ jp-Swiss-journal ━ Vol. 93 – January 26, 2008 (Swiss Time)
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http://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/
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【 目次 /
INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 】
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【J】
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激震の後のスイスの政局
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明子 ヒューリマン
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【E】
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Swiss political
situation after
the seismic tremor
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Akiko Hürlimann
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□━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━【日本語 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
激震の後のスイスの政局
明子 ヒューリマン
その後のスイスの政局の成り行きは如何にも気懸かりで、暮れ以来注目してきた。前号でお伝えした様に、波乱の組閣ではあったが、兎にも角にもエヴェリン・ヴィドゥマー-シュルムプフ新連邦評議員は法相に就任し、１２月２８日にはブロッハー前法相から滞りなく引継ぎが行われた。ブロッハー前評議員はその引き際に「自画自賛のみ語り、反省の弁は皆無だ。」とメディアの評価は手厳しいものだった。スイス国営放送（SRG）の首脳陣の就任は連邦評議会の承認を経ることになっているのだが、SVP(スイス国民党）http://www.svp.ch/が組閣直後討論番組「ARENA
http://www.sf.tv/sf1/arena/index.php」への出演を拒否した事で、「SRGに圧力をかけた！」とドイツ語有力紙はトップで報じたものだ。スイスの閣僚は日頃ボディーガード（身辺警護）に取り巻かれている事は無く一般国民に可也近いところに居るとは言え、その言動はやはり報道で知るしかなく、報道の自由が確保されていると感じる事は、政治を信頼する根拠になる。そういう観点からも、報道機関が権力中枢に対して批判精神が闊達であればあるほど国民としては安心できるのだが、今度は左派が協調して「ARENA」をボイコットしたと報じられ、スイス国営放送の今後が気懸かりな事態になってきた。
議会で承認宣誓した後、エヴェリン・ヴィドゥマー-シュルムプフ新連邦評議員には大量の脅しの電子メールが送られ、12月15日にはグラウビュンデンの自宅ガレージに暗殺を示唆するスプレーの落書までされた事は、スイス国民にショックを与えた。ブロッハー前連邦評議員とSVPはこの事には関与していないと明言しているものの、CVP（キリスト教民主党）のレト・ナウゼ書記長は「こうした行為を抑制するよう呼びかける事は出来た筈。SVPは党内の極右勢力を制御する力が無いのが問題だ。」と一刀両断。その後も、CVPの国民議会議員に対する誹謗中傷や、彼らの事業を妨害する行為が頻発しているという報道があり、これは由々しい事態だ。とにかく連邦評議員選で先制攻撃を仕掛けたCVP
http://www.cvp.ch/ はSVPをライヴァルとみなして、次の2011年の選挙に向けて早くも地方組織に呼びかけて臨戦態勢を整えている最中とか。
個別の閣僚の評価ないし印象について、ドイツ語圏の有力紙ターゲス・アンツァイガーの閣僚業績評価（Bilanz）を参考にしながら触れてみよう。昨年大統領職を務めたミシュリン・カルミ・レ外相（SP/社会民主党）http://www.sp-ps.ch/ はひたすら我が道を行くタイプと評され、出身政党の社会民主党の退潮傾向にもかかわらず、国民的人気を誇っている。筆者の個人的な印象は、少しフランス語訛はあるものの、流暢なドイツ語で明快な見解を披瀝するリーダー。外相就任間もなく北朝鮮と韓国の38度線（軍事境界線）を徒歩で渡った初めての西側政府要人として鮮烈な印象を与えられた。国連人権委員会の設立を提唱して瞬く間に実現させ、更に国連安保理の理事国入りにも意欲を表明している。日本は先を越されるかも？昨年の8月1日の建国記念式典には左右過激派の妨害が懸念されていたが、躊躇わず出席を表明、式典は滞りなく行われた。国のリーダーとして遺憾無く勇気を示してくれた。先ごろ欧州委員会のベニータ・フェッローロ・ヴァルドゥナー外交委員長と懸案の厳しい外交交渉にも堂々と臨んで、国民の目線から見ても、実に頼もしい限りの存在だ。
もう1人、国民的人気をさらっているのが、昨年就任したばかりの若きロイトゥハルトゥ経済相（キリスト教民主党）。とに角何故か人気があると言われているが、EUとの関係では就任早々山積する難問ばかりで荷が重いのではないかと危ぶむ声もあったのだが、ひるむことなく精力的に仕事をこなし、未だ評価は落ちていないどころか、粘り強い交渉姿勢に敬意を集めているそうだ。就任間もなく統括する経済相の職員に育児休暇を奨励してメディアの注目を集めた。当初は批判が浴びせられたものだが、1年過ぎてみると、民間企業でもこれに習うところが増えてきているという。とにかくアイディア満載の変革を進める姿勢は頼もしい。年頭の定例記者会見で、外国の政府系ファンドがスイス企業に投資するのを制限する積りがない事を表明したが、結構怖いもの知らずとお見受けした。昨年12月にはシンガポールのGICがUBSに110億スイスフラン資本参加したと報じられたが、スイス企業は外国にその数十倍も投資をしているのであんじる事はないのだそうだ。「但し、そうした国家ファンドは透明性が確保されている必要がある。」と言うのはごもっともだが、果たしてそれが確実に担保されるものかどうか？
一方男性閣僚だが、不人気な政策の社会保障制度改革を推し進めなければならないクシュパン内相（自由民主党）の評価は進捗状況が不十分と厳しいものの、責任は連邦議員とロビイストにもあり、と同情的な論調が多いようだ。温厚なベルン人風のシュミードゥ国防・国民保護・スポーツ相（スイス国民党）は自身が統括する国防省の軍人を半分以下に削減して、どの大臣も断行出来ない程の改革を断行したと評価は決して低くはない。左右両派から批判を浴び続けてはいるものの、国民からは一定の支持を得ている。未だにSVPは自分の母党と言いSVP会派から勘当が解かれるのを待つ身。メルツ財務相（FDP）に関しては未だ独自色を出せていないとのメディアの評価だったが、つい先日消費税の軽減措置を廃止して一本化を提唱、その勇気が称えられたが、八方から批判を浴びて実現性は乏しいとも言われている。過去好況に支えられて歳入歳出のバランスは良く、負債は減る傾向にあるので良い事ずくめのようでいて、法人税の扱い等対EUで難しい問題が控えており、今後持続可能な経済運営をどのように構築するか手腕が問われている。変わり者の知識人と言われるロイエンベルガー環境・運輸・エネルギー・通信相（社会民主党）については、閣僚在職12年と最長。消耗が伺えるので引退はいつ頃かとのメディアの問いに、ご本人は「氷河が再び増えるようになるまで閣僚に留まる」などと言って煙に巻いていたそうだ。
そして、閣僚就任以来壊し屋の異名を取って常に注目度の高いブロッハー司法・警察相（スイス国民党）はタブーを破り、ルールを無視する問題児と言われながらも、愛国的国民層からは喝采を浴びているのだが、リヴェラル派や女性層からの不人気は際立っており、連邦評議員落選はある程度予測されていたのも事実。一方女性ながら台風の目となった後任のエヴェリン・ヴィドゥマー-シュルムプフ新連邦評議員の言動だが、受諾の理由は「SVPを救いたかったから。」と述べていたが、未だ大多数のSVP党員からは裏切り者のレッテルを貼られたまま。政策に関しては、新しい原発建設には反対の発言をしており、これはSVPの支持基盤である財界の意向に反している。又前任者のブロッハー前司法・警察相が主導している「SVP国籍取得法案のイニシアティヴ」に対しても、現行法で対処出来るとして否定的な態度を示す等、結構リヴェラルなのだ。しがらみを断ち切る事が出来るなら、いっそ本格リヴェラルへ移籍した方が国のためになりそうだ。
こうした閣僚達だが、その評価が連邦議員と国民とでは以下のように乖離が見られるのは今後の政局を考える上で興味深い。
[コープ新聞2007年の年末世論調査 / 2007年12月12日両院議員総会承認票数]
1位 ロイトゥハルトゥ経済相（CVP）4.41ポイント / 4位 160票
2位 メルツ財務相（FDP）4.35ポイント / 1位 213票
3位 カルミ‐レ外相（SP）4.31ポイント / 6位 153票
4位 シュミードゥ国防・国民保護・スポーツ相（SVP）4.23ポイント / 3位 201票
5位 ロイエンベルガー環境・運輸・エネルギー・通信相（SP）4.03ポイント / 5位 157票
6位 ブロッハー司法・警察相（SVP）3.75ポイント /
落選：111票と115票（2回の投票でいずれも過半数に達せず）
7位 クシュパン内相（FDP）3.64ポイント / 2位 205票
成り行きが注目されるSVPだが、連邦評議員選から３週間を経た１月初旬、９０名が参加した幹部会がボーデン湖で開かれた。サミュエル・シュミードゥ連邦評議員に対する強硬姿勢も変えず、二つあった連邦評議員のポストを放棄してSVPは議会で闘う積りだそうだ。党としての優先課題は政策に絞り、三つの選挙公約を改めて確認した。一つ目は税の削減ないしは増税をしない事。二つ目はSVP国籍取得法案（犯罪者の外国人を国外追放にする）のイニシアティヴで、6月1日に実施する為の国民投票に必要な署名は既に充分揃っているという話しだった。ところが最近になって無効署名が大量に発覚、国民投票は取り敢えずご破算になった。思いがけない失態だ。三つ目は今後もEU加盟には反対の姿勢を維持する。但し、これについては財界の意向とは相反するものと理解しているが、すり合わせは出来ているものやら？
追い出された格好の２閣僚の出身州グラウビュンデンとベルンの動きについて触れると、ボーデン湖の幹部会を欠席した有力議員が2名いた。シュミードゥ連邦評議員の盟友でベルン選出の革新的技術による企業家ハンス・グルンダー国民議会議員はSVPの執行部を占めるツューリッヒのSVPに対してもっとリヴェラルであるべきと異論を唱えている。グラウビュンデン選出のハンスユルク・ハスラー議員もSVP会派が穏健な姿勢になって2閣僚を再び迎え入れるのをもうしばらく待つという。いずれにせよ、閣外にあっては政策実現には限界があるという見方だ。議会の最大政党といえども、過半数を得ていないという現実は重い筈だが、執行部に反論を唱えるSVP党員は余りに少ない。そして、1月12日SVPの新党首は何と若干33歳の農民出身で副党首だった国民議会議員のトニー・ブルンナーと発表された。去就が注目されていたクリストフ・ブロッハー前連邦評議員だが党首の座には付かず、カスパー・バーダー国会議員会長と他の４名の副党首と共に院政を敷くことを決定した。長老達に囲まれて新党首がどのように存在感を示せるのか？
同じ日、ツューリッヒ市郊外の高級住宅地ヘリベルクへ帰還したブロッハー新副党首を地元は暖かく迎えた。この節税政策の雄を歓迎するSVPのパーティーにゲマインデは気前好く諸々の便宜を計らい、しめて6万スイスフランは税金を使った筈とメディアは皮肉たっぷり。もっともここの住民は大方がSVP支持層と見られているので騒動にはならないだろう。が、このイヴェントにドイツ語圏の地方紙が大挙して詰め掛けたのだから、相変わらず台風の目のような存在ではある。このようにスイスの政局は日本に負けず劣らず様々なレヴェルで捻れが進んでいるように見える。余震は今後も続いてゆくのだろう。閣僚に関するターゲス・アンツァイガー紙の見解は、「国民年金の受給資格年齢を過ぎている3閣僚は辞任すべき。彼らがスイスの今後10年の指針は示せないから。」だそうだ。国民としては先ずメディアの健筆を願いたい。
【参考】
- 右派から順:スイス国民党(SVP)、自由民主党(FDP)、
キリスト教民主党(CVP)、社会民主党(SP)
- 連邦評議員とその代行者：http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/cf/depchefs1848.html
- 連邦評議員業績評価(Bundesrats-Bilanzen):
http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/dyn/news/dossiers/schweiz/792.html
- Swiss World 政治: http://www.swissworld.org/jp/politics/
【編集後記】
主要政党の一角を占めるFDPだがこのところやや埋没気味。正式名称をドイツ語ではFreisinnig-Demokratische
Partei Schweiz、フランス語はParti radical-democratique
Suisse で radical がある故に急進と訳される事が多く、党の公式ホームページ www.fdp.ch/ の頭にも「我らはリヴェラル」などと宣言しているのだが、実態はれっきとした保守と看做されているので、弊誌は独語に準じて「自由民主党」と訳している。誤解を生じやすく紛らわしいが、これも歴史の成せる業か。日本にも未だ古式蒼然たる共産党という名の党があるし。
□━━━━━━━━━━━━━━【 English 】━━━━━━━━━━━━━━□
Swiss political situation after
the seismic tremor
Akiko Hürlimann
Thereafter I am very much
concerned about the Swiss political situation; I've watched it since the
last year-end. As I reported in the previous version, stormy formation of a
cabinet, well, whatsoever new Federal Councillor Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf acceded
to the post of Minister of Justice, and on the 28th of December, a smooth
transition of power was ensured from Mr. Blocher
former Minister of Justice. On that occasion, "Blocher,
former Federal Councillor simply blew his horn
and spoke no words of soul-searching"; the media was harsh on him. The
Swiss Federal Council (Bundesrat) elects the
management of the Swiss National Broadcasting (SRG). After the cabinet
formation, SVP http://www.svp.ch/ refused participation to a debate
program called "ARENA http://www.sf.tv/sf1/arena/index.php "; A major
Swiss German newspaper reported on the top page "SVP gave pressure to SRG!"
Bodyguards do not surround Swiss Federal councillors
and they are quite near to the public; however, we can only know their activities
through media. If we have freedom of journalism, that can be a reason for
trust in politics. From this point of view, we are reassured critical
faculties of journalism as much as possible. Now, left wings coordinated
together and boycotted "ARENA"; I have become concerned about the
future of SRG.
After swearing in at the
parliament, a great number of threat E-Mails were dispatched to Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, the
new Federal Councillor. Swiss people were shocked
that sprayed graffiti implied assassination on her house-garage on December
15. Blocher, the former Federal Councilor and SVP
denied clearly any involvement in that action. However, Reto
Nause http://www.retonause.ch/ secretary-general
of CVP accused them in a single sweep "SVP could have called for the
restriction of such activities. The party does not have the power to
control ultra rightists among them." After that, mental abuse and
interruption against CVP parliament members and their business activities
were reported. This is a serious situation indeed. Anyway, CVP
http://www.cvp.ch/ that made the opening gambit at the Federal Councillors election considering SVP as rival. They
have started preparations for actions to their local organizations towards
the election in 2011.
Let's take a look at the
individual evaluation or impression of Federal Councillors
by referring to the balance sheet of a German leading newspaper <Tages-Anzeiger>. Mrs. Micheline
Calmy-Rey (SP), who is in charge of the Federal
Department of Foreign Affairs (EDA) acted as Swiss President last year; she
is considered to be a <walk one's own road > type. Despite a declining
support tendency of her party (SP), she is very popular among people. My
personal impression of her is that she is a leader who expresses clear
opinions in fluent German with slight French accent. I remember that soon
after she took up the position of head of the Federal Department of Foreign
Affairs, she crossed over the 38th parallel between South Korea and North
Korea
on foot as the first Western Government official. She proposed to establish
a UN Human Rights Council and realized it quicker than thought. Furthermore,
she expressed strong intention of an entry of Switzerland into the UN Security Council. Japan might be taken over by Switzerland or not? At the ceremony of the Swiss National Foundation Day
on August 1 last year, she made her attendance without hesitation; although
disturbance from ultra left and right wings was expected. It passed without
problem. She showed thoroughly her brave as the leader of nation. Recently,
she had hard diplomatic negotiations with Mrs. Benita Ferrero-Waldner,
the European Commissioner for Foreign Policy about outstanding issues in
dignified manners. She is a dependable person from a public point of view
indeed.
One more person with a
wide-ranging public support is the young Federal Councillor
Mrs. Doris Leuthard (CVP) of the Federal
Department of Economic Affairs (DFEA). It's said somehow that she is
popular. At the beginning of her accedence, there
was some concern that the position might be to heavy for her because of a
mountain of difficult issues with the EU. However, she blazed through her
duty without showing any signs of being daunted. Her evaluation hasn't
dropped yet; she has even earned respect for her persistent negotiation
attitude. Soon after taking up duty, she collected media interest by the
measure that she encouraged staff of her ministry to take child-care leave.
At the beginning, she was excoriated, however, one year later, it was
reported that even private companies increasingly followed her measure.
Anyway she is dependable with her innovative attitude, full of ideas. On
the occasion of the new year's press conference, she expressed her own
opinion that she was not going to restrict foreign state investments into
Swiss companies; I found that is rather fearless. Last December, it's
reported that the GIC of Singapore invested SFr. 11 billions into UBS,
however, Swiss companies have been invested more than several ten times
that amount, so no need to worry, she said. "Note, however, that such state
funds should assure transparency" that is quite correct, but it would be
surely guaranteed or not?
As for the male Federal Councillor, Mr. Pascal Couchepin
who is in charge of the Federal Department of Home Affairs (FDHA), he ought
to move ahead on social security system reforms. So far he received rather
low evaluations for insufficient progress, but also received much sympathy;
the fault also lies within the parliament members and lobbyists. Mild Bernese Mr. Samuel Schmid
(exiled from SVP) who is in charge of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport (DDPS) accomplished
personnel cuts by more than half of the military personnel; his evaluation
is not low at all because his reform was inimitable to any other Federal Councillors. He's been accused from left and right
sides, but he receives a certain support from the public. He said that his
mother party is still the SVP and he is waiting to be accepted by the SVP
again. Mr. Hans-Rudolf Merz (FDP) who is in
charge of the Federal Department of Finance hasn't shown his originality yet
as reported by media. However, just few days ago, he proposed to abolish administrative
measures and to introduce a simple consumption tax with a flat rate. He was
praised by his courage, but it's said the possibility for realization is
small due to critics from every direction. Based on the strong economy in
the past, primary balance is favourable and debts
tend to decrease. So it looks as every thing seems going on well, however,
a difficult issue with the EU about handling institutional taxation is waiting.
His capability about sustainable economic management will be observed. Mr.
Moritz Leuenberger (SP), called the intellectual
character, who is in charge of the Federal Department of the Environment,
Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC) is the longest serving
Federal Councillor. Media asked him as he looked
exhausted when he was going to step down. But he blew smoke "Until
glaciers will increase."
Always with a high-visibility
Mr. Christoph Blocher
(SVP), since acceding to the post, called dynamiter, is in charge of the
Federal Department of Justice and Police (FDJP); he broke taboos and
ignored rules, called problem boy, however, he received applause from
patriotic people. On the other hand, his unpopularity from liberal and
women is significant, that's why certain expectations of his deselection was foreseen too. As for the acts of his successor
new Federal Councillor Eveline
Widmer-Schlumpf, she was in the eye of the
typhoon despite being a woman. She said that the reason of acceptance was
that "I just wanted to rescue SVP." Though she's been still
labeled as "traitor" from almost all SVP members. About her
political stance, she expressed her idea against new nuclear power plants;
that is against business circles of SVP support base. She is also showed
her negative stance against the SVP initiative "acquirement of
nationality" by her predecessor. She meant the problem can be solved
with the present law. So she is quite liberal. If she can break with the
past, she'd better join real liberal parties; that'll be even better for
the country.
Federal Councillors
are just like that, but the evaluation gap between Federal parliament
members and the public is however interesting. It is shown as follows:
[Coop newspaper 2007 year-end
survey = Public opinon (Po)/
December 12, 2007
joint parliament election ballot (P)]
No. 1 Leuthard
(CVP) with 4.41 points (Po) / No. 4 with160 votes (P)
No. 2 Merz
(FDP),with 4.35 points (Po) / No. 1 with 213 votes (P)
No. 3 Calmy-Rey
(SP), with 4.31 points (Po) / No. 6 with 153 votes (P)
No. 4 Schmid
(ex-SVP), with 4.23 points (Po) / No. 3 with 201 votes (P)
No. 5 Leuenberger
(SP), with 4.03 points (Po) / No. 5 with 157 votes (P)
No. 6 Blocher
(SVP), with 3.75 points (Po) / rejected by111 votes and 115
votes (two ballot rounds,
reached no majority) (P)
No. 7 Couchepin
(FDP), with 3.64 points (Po) / No. 2 with 205 votes (P)
What's going on with the SVP?
Three weeks after the Federal Councillors election,
at the beginning of January, a caucus meeting was held and attended by 90
members at the lake of Boden. They didn't change their hard-line stance against Samuel Schmid Federal Councillor;
the SVP will abandon two Federal Councillors
posts and will fight in the parliament. They decided priority issues on
political strategy and confirmed three-election manifestos. The first one
is tax deduction or not to increase tax. The second one is the SVP
initiative "acquirement of nationality bill (deportation of criminal
foreigners)". They said that sufficient signatures have been collected
for a national voting on June 1. However, recently a great number of
invalid signatures were found, and national voting has fallen through.
That's an unexpected blunder. The third one is the maintaining against EU
membership in the future. Note, however, that is against the
intention of business circles. I wonder whether both sides have confirmed
that or not?
Let me mention the reaction of
the SVP Bern and Graubuenden where two Federal Councillors were exiled from the party, two influential
parliament members were absent on that party meeting at the lake of Boden. A political ally of Schmid Federal Councillor, the innovative engineering entrepreneur Mr.
Hans Grunder, a National Parliament member of SVP
elected from Bern disagreed with party leaders of SVP Zurich. He said that they
should be more liberal. Mr. Hansjoerg Hassler, a National Parliament member elected from Graubuenden said also, that he is going to wait some
more time until the parliamentary faction of SVP will be more moderate and
accepts the two Federal Councillors again.
Anyway, he thinks in order to realize the party politics, the SVP should be
within the cabinet. Although the biggest parliamentary faction, they still
have not yet a majority. That reality is obvious, however, few party members offer counter-arguments to their leaders.
The SVP announced their new party president in the person of a young farmer
Mr. Toni Brunner (33), present Vice President of SVP and National
Parliament member on January 12. Watching the future position of Mr. Christoph Blocher former
Federal Councilor, he will not take up the party presidential post, and
will be one of the Vice Presidents together with four others such as Mr.
Casper Baader, president of the parliamentary faction,
and they've decided to form a cloister government. How can the new president
show his presence surrounded by the powerful old statesman?
On the same day, the returned
Mr. Blocher as new party Vice President was warmly
received by the commune of Helliberg, an
exclusive residential district in the suburb of Zurich.
The media reported ironically that the gemeinde (comune) offered a generous service to the SVP party for
the welcome of the man known as tax saver and spent at least SFr. 60,000
tax money. Note, that almost all inhabitants are considered to be SVP supporters,
therefore, fuss shouldn't happen. However, many local newspapers in the
German part rushed to that event; he is still like the center of typhoon.
As described, Swiss politics looks to proceede
twisted in different levels not less than in Japan. Afterquakes will be carried
forward. The Tages-Anzeiger expressed their
opinion regarding to the Federal Councillor, "Three
Federal Councillors who are above pension
eligibility age should resign. They cannot show the guidelines of the
coming ten years of Switzerland." As a constituency, I wish wield media's pen at first.
【Reference】
- from right to left wings:
SVP, FDP, CVP, SP
- Members of the Federal
Council - Heads of Departments and substitutes：
http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/cf/depchefs1848.html
- Balance Sheet of Federal Councillors (Bundesrats-Bilanzen):
http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/dyn/news/dossiers/schweiz/792.html
- Swiss World:
http://www.swissworld.org/jp/politics/
【Editor's comment】
FDP fills a place as a major
political party, though recently they looked rather buried. The official
name is <Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei Schweiz> in German,
and in French <Parti radical-democratique Suisse>. Because of <radical>, it
is often translated into Japanese as <radical (kyushin)>
too. Even on the top of its official webpage is written, "Wir Liberalen", however
FDP is considered as a genuine conservative party. Therefore, we follow the
German way and have translated it as <Liberal Democratic Party
(conservative)> in Japanese. That can cause misunderstandings, but it
implies the history of the party. Also in Japan, there is still a party called archaically fashioned
<Communist Party>.
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